The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of South Carolina

Animal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health - 1146 Words

Millions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other animals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safe and effective in animals fail when given to humans. Animal testing is unreliable and unnecessary and there are more effective research methods out there that do not come at the expense of innocent animals lives. Everyone acknowledges that animals and humans are similar in more ways than one. Animal testing has proven to be a valuable asset in scientific research, cosmetic manufacturing, and drug development (About Us). Animal research, testing, and experimentation has assisted other c ountries, for example, in the United Kingdom over 400,000 people with Type 1 diabetes now have insulin to rely on. â€Å"Animal research and testing has played a part in almost every medical breakthrough of the last century. It has saved hundreds of millions of lives worldwide†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Former UK Home Office Minister Joan Ryan. According to the House of Lords Select Committee â€Å"experimentations on animals have contributed greatly to scientific advances†. While it all may be true, we fail toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1433 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence supports that animal testing comes at a higher cost to animals than was initially acknowledged. Accounts of anxiety disorders, changes in behavior, hormone levels, and the amount of pain animals endure now drive the conversation regarding reforming animal testing practices. It is also noted that the predictive value of animal models do not translate into clinical success . The majority of animal research does not lead to improving human health. Most argue the use of animals overall is a needlessRead MoreEssay on The Use of Animal Research 1431 Words   |  6 PagesHow will animal research tell us the outcomes of the human body? How can we live longer and healthier lives with the use of animals? Do animals have a link to the human body that we are able to prove that trying new drugs or new cosmetics will be a benefit for us? I disagree. I believe we test on animals to figure out what are the possible outcomes for humans; however, the use of animals is cruel and unnecessary because they do not have a similar body system as humans do. We use at least a millionsRead Moreanimal testing essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Animal testing can be defined as the process of using animals in experiments. Normally the research such as biomedical researches, drug tests and toxicology tests are conducted in universities, medical schools, and pharmaceutical companies. Scientists use many types of animals in their experiments such as guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, monkeys, chimpanzees, rats, mice, dogs and cats. Around 50-100 millions vertebrates are used in experiments annually and in United States, the number of rats andRead MoreHuman Testing On Human Beings1727 Words   |  7 Pageschemicals effect humans and animals? The answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II, the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species,Read MoreA nimal Testing Is Not Reliable For Finding Cures For Humans1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies demonstrate that animal testing is not reliable in finding cures for humans. Medicines and vaccines that are successfully developed and proven effective in animals such as mice and many primates fail when used in human beings. Medicines and chemicals that are effective in animals end up being relabeled after they produce side effects in human beings that were not observed in animals during the testing. Many of them also become dangerous to human beings. Therefore, animal tests yield little successRead MoreThe Fight Against Animal Testing1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight Against Animal Testing in Cosmetics The makeup industry has flourished for as long as one can remember. The popularity of beauty bloggers, celebrity makeup lines, etc. have actually led to a record-breaking boost in makeup sales. Cosmetic brands have become more prominent, and makeup stores such as Sephora and Ulta continue to thrive. However, various demands must be met in order to keep up with the growing consumership, and one of the most controversial topics contributing to the successRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Inhumane1229 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of complications among human beings citing the various changes of conditions from day to day. Scientists are charged with the techniques to finding solutions to the complicated health issues facing humans that have no solution. The risks associated with the pursuit of the solution has made the scientists to be cautious of their actions, an action that led to most of them opting for the use of animals to carry out the tests before implementing the solution fo r human beings. The idea has alwaysRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Medical Field Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal experimentation has notably advanced the medical field since its beginnings nearly two thousand years ago. Modern surgeries, antibiotics, and vaccines have been discovered and put into effect to better the lives of humans worldwide and increase our life expectancy by thirty years. However, animal rights activists argue that tests are not accurate or reliable due to angularities. Morality continues to toy with the minds of the public. Religious organizations, like the Catholic Church, approveRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certainRead MoreAnimal Experimentation1612 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but th at is the world without animal experimentations

Annual Report Analysis for Adidas Free Essays

2011 Annual Report Analysis for Adidas Prepared for Professor Tabor Prepared by Jena Howell 2011 Annual Report Analysis for Adidas Prepared for Professor Tabor Prepared by Jena Howell Table of Contents Introduction2 Annual Report Analysis of Adidas2 Auditors2 Subsequent Events3 Trends in Total Assets and Total Liabilities3 Three Largest Assets and Liabilities for Recent Year4 Stock Options4 Income Statement4 Net Income5 Comprehensive Income5 Direct or Indirect Cash Flow Statement5 Items Included in Cash from Investing Activities5 Summary6 Introduction Adidas is a name brand that most people know about. Have you ever wondered though, what goes on behind the scenes? Well, that is what is going to be discussed in this paper. Some of the main ideas we are going to look are who the auditors are, the trends in assets and liabilities, the largest assets and liabilities, the types of stocks that are available, the type of income statement that is used, the trend of net income, the type of cash flow statement that is used, and the two largest items included in cash from investing. We will write a custom essay sample on Annual Report Analysis for Adidas or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of this document is to get you better informed on the current standing of the Adidas Corporation. Annual Report Analysis of Adidas Let’s first discuss who the auditors are and what opinion they have on the company’s financial statements. Auditors The KPMG AG group is who audits Adidas. They audited Adidas on Feb. 15, 2011. Kozikowski Wolper (2010) stated, â€Å"In our opinion, based on the findings of our audit, the consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS, as adopted by the EU, the additional requirements of German commercial law pursuant to  § 315a (1) HGB and give a true and fair view of the net assets, financial position and profit or loss of the Group in accordance with these requirements. The Group management report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements and as a whole provides a suitable view of the Group’s position and suitably presents the opportunities and risks of future development. † So, yes the auditors provide a clean opinion the financial statements. In the auditor’s opinion, the company complied with all the standards that were required. So, have there been any subsequent events that have had a material effect on the financial statements? Let’s take a look. Subsequent Events Since the end of 2010, there have been no significant organization, management, economic, socio-political, legal or financial changes that have had a material effect on the financial statements. This shows that this is a stable group that can be relied on. Now, let’s see what kind of trends in assets and liabilities there have been in the past two years. Trends in Total Assets and Total Liabilities At the year of the fiscal year in 2008 Adidas group had â‚ ¬ 9,533,000,000 in total assets. Now, at the end of the 2009 fiscal year, Adidas group had â‚ ¬ 8,875,000,000 in total assets. This is a 6. % drop in total assets. At the end of 2008 fiscal year, Adidas group had â‚ ¬ 6,133,000,000 in total liabilities; and at the end of the 2009 fiscal year, Adidas group had â‚ ¬ 5,099,000,000 in total liabilities. That is a â‚ ¬ 1,034,000,000 change in liabilities. The current ratio for the 2008 fiscal year was 1. 55. The current ratio for the 2009 fiscal year was 1. 74. Wha t were the three largest assets and liabilities? Let’s see. Three Largest Assets and Liabilities for Recent Year The three largest assets for the 2009 fiscal year were the following: * Cash and cash equivalents * Accounts Receivable * Inventories The three largest liabilities for 2009 fiscal year were the following: * Long-term borrowings * Accounts payable * Accrued liabilities Now that we know what the three largest assets and liabilities Adidas group has, why don’t we look at their stock options. Stock Options Adidas group offers registered no-par value shares. There are currently 209,216,186 shares outstanding at the end of the 2010 fiscal year. Income Statement Adidas group uses a multi-step income statement. There were no separately reported items. Gross profit dropped by 10. 4% and operating profit dropped by 52. 6% between 2008 and 2009 fiscal years. Net Income Adidas group had a major drop in net income between the 2008 and 2009 fiscal years. At the end of the 2008 fiscal year, net income was â‚ ¬ 645,000,000. At the end of the 2009 fiscal year, net income was â‚ ¬ 245,000,000. This was a 61. 9% drop. The main reason for such a drastic drop in net income was a decrease in sales and financial income. Comprehensive Income Adidas group had net loss of â‚ ¬132,000,000 in 2009 and a net gain of â‚ ¬149,000,000 in 2008 on cash flow hedges. Also, there was an actuarial loss of â‚ ¬12,000,000 in 2009 and a gain of â‚ ¬2,000,000 in 2008 of defined benefit plans and asset ceiling affect (IAS 19). Direct or Indirect Cash Flow Statement Adidas group uses the direct method because on the cash flow statement they report disbursements from operating activities. Items Included in Cash from Investing Activities The two largest items in cash from investing activities are the following: * Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment * Proceeds from sale of other intangible assets The proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment brought in â‚ ¬16,000,000 in net cash in 2009 and â‚ ¬27,000,000 in 2008. The proceeds from the sale of other intangible assets brought in â‚ ¬10,000,000 in 2009 and â‚ ¬8,000,000 in 2008. These numbers are net cash. Summary So, we have learned that the Adidas group that they offer registered no-par value stock. There were major differences between 2008 and 2009 when it came to net income. They made a lot more money in 2008 than they did in 2009. They use the direct method when it comes to cash flow statement. The corporation uses the multi-step income statement. Total assets and liabilities both declined from the 2008 fiscal year to the 2009 fiscal year. Works Cited (2010). Consolidated Balance Sheet. Adidas Group. http://adidas-group. corporate-publications. om/2009/gb/en/consolidated-financial-statements/consolidated-balance-sheet. html (2010). Consolidated Cash Flow Statement. Adidas Group. http://adidas-group. corporate-publications. com/2009/gb/en/consolidated-financial-statements/consolidated-statement-of-cash-flows. html (2010). Consolidated Income Statement. Adidas Group. http://adidas-group. corporate-publications. com/2009/gb/en/consolidated-financial-statem ents/consolidated-income-statement. html Kozikowski, M. , Wolper, A. (2010). Auditors Report. http://adidas-group. corporate-publications. com/2009/gb/en/consolidated-financial-statements/independent-auditors-report. html How to cite Annual Report Analysis for Adidas, Papers

Nightwish-Dark Passion Play free essay sample

Have you ever listened to a CD and been completely blown away and amazed? If you havent, listen to the most recent album by Finnish metal band Nightwish, entitled Dark Passion Play. Whether youre a headbanger following in the legacy of Slipknot, or someone looking for something reminiscent of Evanescence and Within Temptation, youll find something you like. This quintet consists of piano, drums, bass, guitar, and vocals. As well as an orchestra and choir numbering over 130. Nightwish features a female lead singer Anette Olzon, whose angelic voice is worthy to serenade God himself. And then theres Marco. Marco Hietala, bassist of the band, sings at least back up on every track on the album. And sometimes even lead. Marco can growl like a lion or croon like a dove, and still manage to look hardcore either way. With a beard to rival Santas, I personally think he should be one of the definitive metal icons of this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Nightwish-Dark Passion Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anette is a stark contrast to the screams and growls of Marco, but still doesnt even seem remotely out of place on stage beside him. Whether shes singing the soft ballad Eva or enthralling listeners with the catchy lyrics of Amaranth, she doesnt disappoint. Shes a highly versatile singer, able to adapt and fit in with any song. The album itself is opened with a fourteen minute masterpiece, The Poet and The Pendulum. With lyrics from Anettes chorus: Get away/run away/fly away/lead me astray to dreamers hideaway, it slightly resembles a pop song. And then theres Marco. After one of the most awe-inspiring string solos youll ever hear, he sings loudly with a voice that can give the LISTENER a sore throat. Second robber to the right of Christ/Cut in half; infanticide, the first line of Marcos short vocal piece in the song paints a grisly image. But all too soon its over and back to Anette. The album continues in this epic, dramatic style with nary a weak song in the entire set. It builds up to Master Passion Greed, a goodbye to former singer Tarja that is anything but fond. This song is solely Marco singing, and The Islander very nearly is. Dark Passion Play is thirteen tracks long, and the first twelve build up to the dramatic ending, Meadows Of Heaven. With Anette singing, the beautiful lyrics could make stones weep. It also features a choir and solos that send shivers running down your spine each and every time you hear it. The DPP experience is enhanced by one thing, and one thing only: The Sound of Nightwish Reborn, an EP released in 2008. In addition to several orchestral versions and demos of songs, it features The Escapist, Reach, and While Your Lips Are Still Red. Three tracks that, for some unfathomable reason, didnt make it onto the record. Dark Passion Play. So much more than a CD. Just short of a miracle.

PESTEL and Trend Analysis for the Hotel Industry in Spain

Hotel industry comprises one of the biggest areas of touristic business in Spain. PESTEL and trend analysis for the hotel industry in Spain reveals that though the severe financial crisis caused a temporary decline in this sector, hotel business quickly recovered from the crisis and is currently on the way to a new period of prosperity. Spanish political, economic, and legal conditions are rather advantageous for both employers and employees in the hotel industry and should encourage its extensive development in the nearest future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on PESTEL and Trend Analysis for the Hotel Industry in Spain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spain Political Analysis Government Stability According to the data collected by The World Bank (2013), the index for political stability in Spain is currently growing, though it was significantly under 0.00 index during 2006-2011 (par. 2). Therefore, the risks o f destabilization of the government are higher than in other Western European countries but are not as critical as it was during the previous years (A. M. Best Company Inc., 2015, p. 3). The lowered rates of government stability experienced by Spain during the recent years Spain influenced hotel industry by making the country less attractive to foreign investors. However, current government stability is favorable for foreign investors. Taxation Policy The Value Added Tax in Spain is due for any services sold in the country, including hotels and cultural events. 2013: The Spanish government increased hotel tax from eight to ten percent (Berman, 2012, par. 2). The taxation policy significantly affects the hotel industry, as high hotel taxes decrease the rates of tourism. The two percent hike in hotel tax in Spain has not caused significant changes in the hotel industry, but further tax hike is not desirable. Hotel Industry Specific Regulations In Spain, hotels are obliged to commu nicate the rates they apply to the Local Tourism Authority and to place them in a visible place (CMS guide, 2008, p. 58). Detailed regulations approved by the Ministry of Industry govern health and safety issues in the hotels, including the size of the room, disabled access, fire and escape plans, etc. (CMS guide, 2008, p. 59). A hotel license from the Regional Tourism Authorities is required to commence trading. The hotel industry regulations in Spain are highly effective in ensuring the safety of the customers and the fairness of charged fees. Social Welfare Policy Spain has a smaller welfare state than most central and Northern European countries. The social services provided by the Spanish social security include protection in case of maternity, illness, unemployment, retirement, etc. Healthcare and education are universal (Aguilar, Escobedo, Montagut, 2013, p. 5). The social welfare policy in Spain protects the employees and should promote the development of hotel industry b y attracting new employees to this sector. Employment Laws 40-hour working week. Vacation of 21 business days. Fifteen days (including weekends) for marriage. Four months for maternity leave. Employment laws in Spain are mostly similar to the laws of other Western Europe countries. However, the salaries in Spain are lower than in northern Europe, and, therefore, the Spanish hotel industry is not very competitive in terms of attracting expatriates and other foreign employees, though is competitive in attracting foreign investors. Competitive Regulations Fair competition is supposed to be ensured and controlled by the country’s antitrust authority – the Comisià ³n Nacional de la Competencia (CNC) (Spain: Anniversary of the Spanish Competition Act, 2013, p. 1). The competition law is enforced by the Competition Service (Servicio de Defensa de la Competencia) and the Competition Tribunal (Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia) (Spain: Anniversary of the Spanish Compet ition Act, 2013, p. 1). The competitive regulations in Spain create a fair environment for the competitors in the hotel industry and should promote its further development. Spain Economic Analysis Business Cycles The severe economic crisis recently experienced by Spain has dramatically influenced the business cycles in the country. The great recession of 2008 has caused a significant decrease in the business activities. The business cycle trough in the summer of 2013 was followed by the recovery period continuing till now (Global business cycle map, 2015, par. 1). Though Spain experiences business cycle trough, the business in the country is supposed to witness the successful recovery and expansion during the nearest 10-20 years. Interest Rates The interest rate in Spain started declining in 2008. After a dramatic decrease, it continued a gradual falling up to 2015. Spain’s benchmark interest rate is set by the European Central Bank and is currently at 0.05. Spain Long Te rm Interest Rate is at 1.78% (European Central Bank, 2015, par. 1). The decreased interest rate in Spain reflects its economic instability and presents a serious threat to all industries, as weak economic is not likely to attract investors. Money Supply Money supply in Spain continues to grow. Money Supply M1 in Spain is 663777 EUR Million while Money Supply M2 is 1032192 EUR Million (IEconomics, 2015, par. 1). The increased money supply affects interest rates of the country. The expansionary monetary policy in Spain can lead to further decrease in interest rates. Inflation Hotels and restaurants comprise 11.5 percent of the consumer price index in Spain (Ernst Young, 2013, p. 239). After a drastic decrease in inflation in 2008-2009, it experienced a period of growth interrupted by repeated decrease starting in 2012. Currently, consumer prices index in Spain continues to fall nearly 0.5 percent on a monthly basis (National Statistics Institute, 2015, par. 1). The hotel industry significantly impacts the consumer price index in Spain, as hospitality is one of the main contributors to the wider economy. Therefore, the development of hotel industry should be one of the main priorities of the government. Unemployment Unemployment is one of the most vital problems in Spain. From 2008, the unemployment rates were growing and reached the all-time high of 27 percent. Currently, positive tendencies are witnessed, as the jobless rate is 21 percent now. Spain’s hospitality sector supports a significant number of jobs equivalent to 12.4% of the total workforce (Ernst Young, 2014, p. 239). Therefore, the government is likely to put much effort in promoting the development of hotel industry as it plays a crucial role in providing employment opportunities. Disposable Income Disposable Personal Income in Spain increased to â€Å"215100 EUR Million† this year and Spain Real Household Personal Disposable Income is at a current level of 98.80 (Federal Res erve Bank of Dallas, 2015, par. 1). There is a significant difference in the disposable income of the top and the bottom of the population of Spain Spain’s lowered disposable income rates are likely to make the country attractive to foreign investors due to the lowered expenses needed for paying the local employees. Exchange Rates Spain’s Currency is Euro. The exchange rate for Euro is nearly â‚ ¬0.77= $1. The exchange rates in Spain totally depend on the general tendencies faced by Euro, as the country does not use its country-specific currency. Such situation leads to the high interest of the population of the European Union using the same currency to the tourism in Spain, which directly influences the hotel industry. Spain Socio-Cultural Analysis Demographics As of July 1014, Spain had a total population of nearly 48 million (CIA, 2015, par. 1). Nearly half of the population is aged 25-54 years, and the median age is 41 years (CIA, 2015, par. 2). Urban popula tion comprises nearly 77 percent of total population. Roman Catholicism is the prevailing religion (94%) (CIA, 2015, par. 1). Lifestyle Changes Spain is known for a wide range of sports and leisure activities. The country has a reputation for its delicious food being known as a representative of the Mediterranean diet. The highly diverse landscape offers both beautiful beaches for summer holidays and amazing mountains for winter holidays. The experienced financial crisis in Spain has influenced certain aspects of the Spanish lifestyle, but the country remains highly attractive for tourists willing to experience the famous advantages of the Spanish lifestyle. Education Level Nearly 99 percent of the population aged above 15 can read and write (CIA, 2015, par. 26). The quality of education in Spain is considered lower than in other Western European countries. Fifty-five percent of adult population has upper secondary education. This index is lower than the average percent for most of European Union countries. Lowered level of education in Spain contributes to lowered wages, which can be an attractive factor for foreign investors. Income Distribution Spanish wealth gap is considered one of the biggest in the European region, as it the most unequal in Europe. Top twenty percent of the society is approximately eight times richer than the bottom of the population. The unequal income distribution in Spain affects the hotel industry, as it should create a high demand for low-paid jobs in the hospitality sector. Social Mobility Spain, along with other Southern European countries, appears to be rather social immobile. In Spain, the influence of parental background on person’s educational and job opportunities is rather high (OECD, 2010, p. 185). Attitudes to Work and Leisure Work-life balance is one of the primary priorities of the Spanish population. Spaniards are less likely to consider career the most important thing of their life than the population of Northern European countries. Spanish people value leisure relatively high, which creates a great demand for hotels among the population of the country. Consumerism The level of satisfaction from purchasing for family and self in Spain is medium and is similar to other Western European countries. The importance of other’s admiration of possessions is low while willingness to try new technologies is medium. Most Spaniards tend to give much value to leisure time and consider gaining more time for family life as one of the biggest goals. Such situation is likely to promote the high demand for services provided by hospitality sector, including the hotel industry. Spain Technological Analysis New Inventions Spain is known for its rich history of inventions, both in the old times and during the last centuries. Spain occupies the ninth place in the rankings of world science, but the budget cuts caused by Spanish financial crisis significantly decreased the rates of new scient ific discoveries Rates of Obsolescence Obsolescence rates in most industries in Spain are relatively low. The low level of obsolescence in Spain attracts foreign tourists interested in using services based on the state-of-the-art technologies. Government Spending on Research Spanish system for science and technology heavily depends on the public sector, which makes it highly susceptible to any changes in the economic status of the country. Though the government tends to spend much money for research, the Spanish financial crisis caused the deep budget cuts that significantly decreased the rates of new scientific discoveries. Technology Transfers The institutions working on improving existing and creating new technologies in Spain collaborate with industry representatives and transfer new technologies to the potential customers. Spain Environmental Analysis Geographical Location Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the M editerranean Sea. Such location gives to the country numerous stretches of coastline that are attractive sites for tourists. Spain possesses the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, which are popular touristic destinations. Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe. The country’s unique advantageous geographical location is one of the most influential factors positively influencing the hotel industry. Climate and Weather The country’s big territory causes big variations in climate and weather across it. The climate is mostly mild, which is a great advantage for tourism-related industries, including hotel industry. The coastal regions in the South and Eastern parts of Spain have the Mediterranean climate, which is highly beneficial for the tourism. These territories are perfect for visiting during the whole year. The mild climate is likely to remain one of the primary benefits promoting the development of touristic services and the hotel industry. Spain Leg al Analysis Competition Laws 1963: The first special Act in Spain prohibited anti-competitive practices. 1989: The second competition Act that introduced a modern system of competition law enforcement in the country as a result of Spain’s accession to the European Economic Community. This act provided SDC and TDC with bigger resources and more efficacious tools to carry out their duties (Spain: Anniversary of the Spanish Competition Act, 2013, p. 1). 2007: The third competition Act, which created the Comisià ³n Nacional de la Competencia (CNC). The competition laws in Spain are likely to be favorable for investors and positively influence the hotel industry. Employment Law The government has launched a package of incentives aimed at promoting job creation and private business The minimum is set by the Government each year (currently nearly 650 Euros). All employment contracts in Spain are registered at the employment offices though written contract of employment is not ne cessary. The employment laws in Spain are aimed at protecting and being favorable to the employees. Health and Safety Occupational safety and health are ensured by the Ministry of Employment. The Ministry governs the National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at Work and the Labour Inspectorate, which are the bodies responsible for enforcing appropriate laws. The regulatory framework of the main elements of occupational safety and health legislation in Spain is advantageous for the workers and strictly governs the employers in the hotel industry. Product and Service Safety 1978: the enactment of the Spanish Constitution, which guides the defense of consumers. 2003: Royal Decree Number 1801/2003, which defines the health and personal safety standards applicable to any product or service (Gutierrez Buigas, n.d., p. 5). 2007: The General Law on the Protection of Consumers and Users Hotel industry provides services and products that are eligible to the mentioned regulations and shoul d conform to the accepted standards of safety. The Analysis of the Major Trends Attracting Tourism in Spain After the Spanish financial crisis and subsequent decline in tourism in Spain, the positive tendencies started developing in 2014. There are several main tendencies contributing to the stabilization of tourism sector and attracting the visitors from all over the world to Spain. One of the current positive trends in the Spanish tourism sector is the returning flow of investors, both local and foreign, eager to invest in the hotel business in Spain. The affordable assets and renewed trust in the Spanish economy encourage investors to consider hotel sector in Spain an attractive area of business. Barcelona and Madrid are the main investment destinations, as Barcelona is one of the most popular recreational and cultural sights in Europe while Madrid is a destination for a large amount of business travel. Gulf companies comprise the largest group of foreign investors though Europe an investors are also active. Such trends result in better services offered by Spanish hotels, and, therefore, contribute to higher numbers of international visitors. The orientation to low-cost services is one of the evolving features of the touristic companies working in Spain. Such trend positively influences the number of visitors, as more people can afford a vacation in Spain nowadays than it was before the financial crisis. Many companies, including those operating within the hotel industry, modify their policies and services toward this growing trend to remain competitive and attract more customers (Euromonitor International, 2014, par. 3). The Analysis of the Major Trends Attracting Holiday Tourism Holiday travel is one of the main types of tourism in Europe, as many people are willing to spend the holidays in an unusual destination. Spain offers a wide variety of holiday travel services due to the warm climate and abundance of natural and cultural attractions. Several trend s developing in touristic business in Spain attract tourists and contribute to the Spanish economy. The popularization of Sun-and-Beach tourism in Mallorca is one of the most influential trends benefiting Spanish holiday tourism. The island has an abundance of historical and cultural sights. The largest group of holiday makers, who are attracted by picturesque beaches, warm climate, and exceptional touristic amenities, comes from Germany and the United Kingdom. The economy of the island is highly dependable on the tourism industry.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quick expansion of the Internet services contributed to the popularization of Sun-and-Beach tourism in Mallorca, as World Wide Web enabled a large group of potential customers discover the opportunities of having a holiday in Mallorca. Online applications and sources provide the information about the holiday resort and give an opportunity to choose between numerous variants of housing options (Yusta, Monge, Vega, 2008, p. 485). The PESTEL and trend analysis for the hotel industry in Spain reveals that the industry has managed to recover from the decline caused by the Spanish financial crisis quickly. The country’s political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, and legal framework is favorable for further development of hotel industry and promotes positive trends attracting tourists to Spain. References Aguilar, M., Escobedo, A., Montagut, T. (2013). Local welfare policies in Spain: Employment, housing and child care. Retrieved from http://www.wilcoproject.eu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/WILCO_WP2_Report_06_ES1.pdf A. M. Best Company Inc. (2015). AMB country risk report. Retrieved from http://www3.ambest.com/ratings/cr/reports/Spain.pdf Berman, C. (2012). Spanish hotel tax rises to 10%. Retrieved from http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2012/07/11/41058/sp anish-hotel-tax-rises-to-10.html CIA. (2015). Spain demographics profile 2014. Retrieved from http://www.indexmundi.com/spain/demographics_profile.html CMS guide to principal hotel-specific laws in Europe and China. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.cmslegal.com/Hubbard.FileSystem/files/Publication/88240935-6e27-462f-8ab7-00ccaec5ecb6/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/d792919c-5e74-4f22-a302-03512eecae39/CMSLS_0908L5_Hotel%20Law%20Guide_0917_yp.pdfAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on PESTEL and Trend Analysis for the Hotel Industry in Spain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ernst Young. (2013). The hospitality sector in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/The_Hospitality_Sector_in_Europe/$FILE/EY_The_Hospitality_Sector_in_Europe.pdf Euromonitor International. (2014). Travel in Spain. Retrieved from http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-in-spain/report European Central Bank. (2015). Long-ter m interest rate. Retrieved from https://ycharts.com/indicators/spain_long_term_interest_rates Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. (2015). Spain real household personal disposable income. Retrieved from https://ycharts.com/indicators/spain_real_household_personal_disposable_income Global business cycle map. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.economy.com/dismal/tools/global-business-cycle-map Gutierrez, J., Buigas, B. (n.d.). Consumer protection in Spain. Retrieved from http://www.buigas.com/panell/public/adjunts/articulos_107_Consumer_Protection_in_Spain.pdf IEconomics. (2015). Spain – Money supply M2. Retrieved from http://ieconomics.com/spain-money-supply-m2Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National Statistics Institute. (2015). Spain inflation rate. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/inflation-cpi OECD. (2010). A family affair: Intergenerational social mobility across OECD countries. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf Spain: Anniversary of the Spanish Competition Act. (2013). Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/brief/01_2013/es_anniv.pdf The World Bank. (2013). Spain political stability. Retrieved from http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Spain/wb_political_stability/ Yusta, A., Monge, E., Vega, A. (2008). The adoption of the Internet as a new distribution channel for holiday tourism in Spain: The challenge of consumer perceived risk and consumer attitudes. Retrieved from http://www.computer.org.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/csdl/proceedings/dexa/2008/3299/00/3299a485.pdf This report on PESTEL and Trend Analysis for the Hotel Industry in Spain was written and submitted by user Danny Garrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

After Reading quot;Richard Coryquot; And quot;Shot So

After Reading quot;Richard Coryquot; And quot;Shot So After Reading Richard Cory And Shot So Quick... By A. E. Housman And The – Essay Example Lecturer Essay # Analysis of poems: Short? So quick, so clean an ending and Richard Cory Short? So quick, so clean an ending and Richard Cory are two poems that directly speak about human experiences. In both poems, the subjects end up committing suicide in order to run away from some form of problem. In both poems, the authors demonstrate that human beings can go to great lengths in an attempt to address the problems they face. Therefore, in these two poems, suicide is used as the vehicle to escape from one’s irreversible mistakes and avoid inflicting the suffering onto others. In Short? So quick, so clean an ending, the author shows that the subject had been suffering from some form of public humiliation; ‘After long disgrace and scorn’ (Houseman, 10). Therefore, in order to avoid this humiliation, the only option was to commit suicide. In addition, it is shown that he had to do so because he did not want to offend those around him: ‘You would not live to wrong your brothers’ (Houseman, 19). For this reason, self inflicted death is a way of avoid the spread of one’s suffering onto others. Similarly, in Richard Cory, Richard committed suicide because he lacked something. Although the poem does not explicitly state exactly what he lacked, it is clear that it was something he could not change. Richard had everything; â€Å"And he was rich- yes, richer than a king† (Robinson, 9), and the people admired him. by looking at his appearance and wealth, the people thought Richard â€Å"was everything† (Robinson, 11). Although he appeared to lead a comfortable life, one day he â€Å"put a bullet through his head† (Robinson, 16). Richard appears to have lacked something others in the town had, and this made him look different. Whatever the problem was, Richard could not correct it by himself or use his massive wealth to change it. To avoid this humiliation and embarrassment, suicide is chosen as the best cure . Both poems speak about a common problem across many societies today: suicide. In the modern world, there are numerous challenges people encounter. These could be related to their families, work, personal health or addictions. For some people, suicide has been the only way to get out of such problems. People consider suicide because they feel their problems cannot be solved by anyone, and the only way to relieve the pain is by dying. Feelings such as guilt, loneliness, loss and hopelessness are common among many people today, and hence some might take this option to get away from them. In addition, as shown in Richard Cory, even those who appear to be comfortable might be battling some kind of problem, and they too, might end up committing suicide. Housman, A. E.  A Shropshire Lad. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg. Print.Parini, Jay.  The Wadsworth Anthology Of Poetry. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Print.

Saints Lives in the Moissac Cloister Research Paper

Saints Lives in the Moissac Cloister - Research Paper Example The abbey itself has several versions as to who was its founder. However, it is known that it was founded during the middle of the 7th century (Fletcher). Even though the abbey has witnessed numerous events and tragedies around it, there are still portions that have withstood the test of time. Its walls are the storytellers of what transpired from the time it had been built to the time the abbey was engulfed by flames and up to the present. There are sculptures that will speak about the beliefs of people during that era or what was foreseen. A catch though is that the original art pieces that are seen at present at the St. Peter’s Abbey in Moissac are the same pieces that have been displayed there during the times of its foundation. As the story books tell, there were two names that popped as to who founded the abbey in Moissac. One of the names was Desiderius of Cahors who later became Saint Desiderius of Cahors. Then Bishop of Cahors, St. Desiderius administrated the monastery under the diocese of Cahors (NewAdvent.Org; Schapiro and Finn 253). Before the 7th century ended, the possessions and resources of the abbey grew vastly. The construction of the abbey has been changed by the raids that it encountered during the building period. It is not just the abbey that were destroyed or damaged during these invasions. Several buildings from this era have also been destroyed (Brabbs 41). Louis the Debonnaire aided the reconstruction of the fallen Abbey church. However, it seemed like history just repeated itself when the same ruthlessness that the church experienced during the late 10th century occurred again but this time from the hands of Huns and Normans. What remained of the original abbey after the invasions was destroyed during the later periods of the first century. The original roof casing of the church collapsed in 1030. The remains of the original church after the

Primo Levi Suvival in Auschwitz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Primo Levi Suvival in Auschwitz - Essay Example Levi has moments of clarity that contribute to his ability to survive, neither optimism nor pessimism, both of which are deadly. He thinks, "clearly they will kill us, whoever thinks he is going to live is mad, it means that he has swallowed the bait, but I have not" (Levi 24). What saves him is the middle ground, his acceptance that while things could be better, things can always be worse. As he says in the beginning, "Sooner or later in life everyone discovers that perfects happiness is unrealizable, but there are few who pause to consider the antithesis: that perfect happiness is equally unattainable" (Levi 17). It is this perspective that keeps him from either sinking into despair, or losing himself in hope. In the Lager, Levi learns to take the most pleasure in the least reminder of his humanity. Throughout the narrative, food figures prominently into the lives of the starving men. Although there is nothing but bread and soup, a little more bread and soup can be the difference between content and discontent. In "A Good Day" he recalls the wonderful surprise of extra soup and asks, "What more could one want Even our work seems light with the prospect of four hot, dense pints waiting for us in the hut" (Levi 76). By adjusting his expectations, Levi adjusts his will to live. And even more soothing is the prospect of sleep. Any point in which the men can lie down, close their eyes, cover themselves with blankets, is a moment of relief. He relates with joy his assignment to a hospital bed: "a miracle! It is empty! I stretch myself out with delight; it is the first time since I entered the camp that I have a bunk all to myself. Despite my hunger, within ten minutes I am asleep" (Levi 50). In "A Good Day," the presence of the sun makes life a little more bearable. It is a thing that, as free man, they took for granted. Now, "I understood how men can worship the sun" (Levi 71). And even less than a sunny day can help the men bear their burdens. For instance, "The latrine is an oasis of peace" (Levi 68), and other small facets of a typical daily cycle provide a break from the insanity of the Lager. Beside the regular meals and rest hours, the mere anticipation of a break, which "can be almost glimpsed in the fog of the remote future, allowing us to derive a little more strength from the expectation" (Levi 69), is enough to keep him going just a little while longer. In the lager, Levi learns to live in the moment. If something good happens, he will be present and enjoy it as much as he can, without painful thoughts of past or future. When he finds himself in a beautiful, clean, warm laboratory, almost reminding him of his old life, he says, "All this is a gift of fortune, to be enjoyed as intensely as possible and at once; for there is no certainty about tomorrow" (Levi 140). Another little help is that Levi has friends. Although he writes that some men are hypocrites or spies, that men will not help those who cannot help them back, he finds himself fortunate to remain among the company of his best friend, Alberto. He takes courage in "the rare figure of the strong yet peace-loving man against whom the weapons of the night are blunted" (Levi 57). Another friendly connection is found in his countryman, Lorenzo, who gave him extra food for six months. Although every haftling lived with the

Internet Filtration Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Filtration Software - Essay Example It was basically designed against the online porn companies, it also counteract the tactics of aggressive website. There are many internet software choices available; I choose two which I think are best and the most popular. The overall rating is full and it is one of the oldest and the trusted filtering software in the market. It has a ContentWatch pooled Dynamic Contextual Analysis, remote administration, an innovative, user-friendly interface. The filtration capability is not as good as Net Nanny but it is also trusted by many people worldwide. It gives the facility to check your computer usage from any other computer. That's why it's easier. It also controls the personal information from going out unlike Net Nanny, it monitors chats, pop-up blocking and also shows history reports. It can also work with every browser and windows version plus Mac3. CIPA stands for Children'sInternetProtectionAct; it is especially designed for the safeguard of children against obnoxious or unsafe material on theInternet. CIPA amendments direct schools and libraries to have Internet safety and a technology-based method of blocking access to anything which is harmful for the child4. AUP (acceptable usage policy) are rules applied by websites owner, but there are million of websites which do not follow these like wikipedia or all sorts of blogs. So in that case COPPA jumps in and make it all these things work as it can control these websites. Our school has many things under control like messengers, wikipedia, and every porn website. Even though COPPA is for under 13 it applied to us aswell. Question 5: COPPA: The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is a law created to protect theprivacyof children under 135. COPPA have much tighter rules and laws as compare to that of CIPA as COPPA also controls the excessive use of wikipedia and blogs. REFERENCES - COPPA. 2008. CRM sources. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci1262738,00.html - Guide to Effective Searching of the Internet. May 1998. Search Tutorial. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http://www.psychologia.uj.edu.pl/wolski/Metodologia/Teksty/Isrch.PDF - Net Nanny Parental Control 5.6. 2008.Top Reviews. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/netnanny-review.html - Safe Eyes. 2008. Top Reviews. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/safe-eyes-review.html - What is CIPA. 2008. Internet.com. Retrieved on 13t

Introduction To Air Conditioning

Introduction To Air Conditioning Air conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the small, insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or an entire business. Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air. The machine has three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the house, sometimes as part of a furnace. Thats the part that heats our house. The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the molecules are together, the higher its energy and its temperature. The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. If we looked at the air conditioner part outside a house, look for the part that has metal fins all around. The fins act just like a radiator in a car and helps the heat go away, or dissipate, more quickly. When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquids pressure drops. When it does it begins to evaporate into a gas. As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. The evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air. By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again. Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the top of a room. There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air, the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor level. This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature we want the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature. Any system that loours temperature operates in similar fashion. First we take a gas, like Freon, and place it in a sealed system. This freon is then pressurized using a compressor. As its pressurized, it gets hot by absorbing the heat around it. This hot gas is then circulated through a series of tubes that dissipate the heat. Scientifically, the gas removes heat rather than adds cold, but thats a lesson in physics that doesnt really matter to us right now. The gas can lose lots of its heat, in other words it gets really cold, when we reduce the pressure. As it cools it becomes a liquid. This is when we get cold air blowing on wet sweaty forehead. To use this system in a car, it needed very little adaptation from its early applications as a refrigeration device. since it was discovered that Freon (R-12) was harmful to the earths Ozone layer, its been phased out for automotive use, and replaced with the slightly less efficient, but harmless R-134a refrigerant. This is actually good news because for years it was against the law to service our own air conditioning system without a license. Now that the refrigerant is safer, we can all work on our own A/C systems again! Some cars have not been converted from the old R12 to R-134a, but this conversion can be done easily. 2.1 WORKING OF AIR CONDITIONER 2.1.1 COMPRESSOR The air conditioning compressor is the refrigerant pump of the air conditioning system. The compressor compresses refrigerant inside the system and circulates it to the condenser and then to the evaporator. The evaporator is where the pressurized refrigerant is released, causing a drop in pressure resulting in a cold evaporator, the low pressure refrigerant is then returned to the compressor to be re-pressurized. The air conditioning compressor is driven by a drive belt that is pooured by the engine and can be engaged and disengaged by an electromagnetic coil on the front of the compressor (Fig.2.1). To maintain the efficiency of the air conditioning system the compressor drive belt should be checked regularly. If it is worn out or degenerated it should be replaced. The systems hoses should be checked for deterioration, bubbles, cracks and hardening or oily residue, all could be signs of leakage. The correct refrigerant charge should always be maintained, low system refrigerant charge is a common cause of a weak AC system. Odors can developed in the air conditioning system when a fungus has grown on the evaporator core. Warm damp surroundings provided the perfect breeding ground for fungus, which grows with moisture. Aerosol disinfectants can be used to remedy this condition. While the air conditioner system is running on the full high setting with recirculation feature activated, spray a disinfectant (Lysol, Ozium) into the inlet of the ac system (under the dash on the passengers side), be aware whatever we spray will come out of the upper vents, so we may not want our face in front of any vents when doing this procedure. Odors can be prevented from returning by repeating this procedure periodically throughout the summer months. This is the heart of our a/c system. The compressor is what takes the refrigerant (the gas) and pressurizes it so it will cool the air. Its run by an engine belt. The compressor also has an electrically operated clutch that turns the compressor on and off as we demand more coo l air. 2.1.2 CONDENSERS This is the area in which heat dissipation occurs. The condenser, in many cases, will have much the same appearance as the radiator in we car as the two have very similar functions. The condenser is designed to radiate heat. Its location is usually in front of the radiator, but in some cases, due to aerodynamic improvements to the body of a vehicle, its location may differ. Condensers must have good air flow anytime the system is in operation. On rear wheel drive vehicles, this is usually accomplished by taking advantage of our existing engines cooling fan. On front wheel drive vehicles, condenser air flow is supplemented with one or more electric cooling fan(s) (Fig.2.2). As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high pressure liquid. The condenser is like a miniature radiator, usually mounted at the front of the car right next to our big radiator. Sometimes the condenser will have its own electric cooling fan, too. The hot, compressed air passes through the condenser and gets lots cooler. As it cools, it becomes a liquid 2.1.3 EVAPORATOR Located inside the vehicle, the evaporator serves as the heat absorption component. The evaporator provides several functions. Its primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of our vehicle. A secondary benefit is dehumidification. As warmer air travels through the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator coil, the moisture contained in the air condenses on its surface. Dust and pollen passing through stick to its wet surfaces and drain off to the outside. On humid days we may have seen this as water dripping from the bottom of our vehicle. Rest assured this is perfectly normal (Fig. 2.3). The ideal temperature of the evaporator is 32 Fahrenheit or 0 Celsius. Refrigerant enters the bottom of the evaporator as a low pressure liquid. The warm air passing through the evaporator fins causes the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants have very low boiling points). As the refrigerant begins to boil, it can absorb large amounts of heat. This heat is then carried off with the refrigerant to the outside of the vehicle. Several other components work in conjunction with the evaporator. As mentioned above, the ideal temperature for an evaporator coil is 32 F. Temperature and pressure regulating devices must be used to control its temperature. While there are many variations of devices used, their main functions are the same; keeping pressure in the evaporator low and keeping the evaporator from freezing; A frozen evaporator coil will not absorb as much heat. The evaporator is another little radiator that does just the opposite task as the condenser. As the super-cool liquid is passed t hrough its tubes, air is forced through and gets really cold, right before it hits our face. As it warms up again, the refrigerant starts turning back into a gas. 2.1.4 THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE Another common refrigerant regulator is the thermal expansion valve, or TXV. Commonly used on import and aftermarket systems. This type of valve can sense both temperature and pressure, and is very efficient at regulating refrigerant flow to the evaporator. Several variations of this valve are commonly found. Another example of a thermal expansion valve is Chryslers H block type. This type of valve is usually located at the firewall, between the evaporator inlet and outlet tubes and the liquid and suction lines. These types of valves, although efficient, have some disadvantages over orifice tube systems. Like orifice tubes these valves can become clogged with debris, but also have small moving parts that may stick and malfunction due to corrosion.(Fig .2.4) Flow control, or metering, of the refrigerant is accomplished by use of a temperature sensing bulb filled with a similar gas as in the system that causes the valve to close against the spring pressure in the valve body as the temperature on the bulb increases. As temperatures in the evaporator decrease, so does the pressure in the bulb and therefore on the spring causing the valve to open. An air conditioning system with a TX valve is often more efficient than other designs that do not use one. A thermal expansion valve is a key element to a refrigeration cycle; the cycle that makes air conditioning, or air cooling, possible. A basic refrigeration cycle consists of four major elements, a compressor, a condenser, a metering device and an evaporator. As a refrigerant passes through a circuit containing these four elements, air conditioning occurs. The cycle starts when refrigerant enters the compressor in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous form. The refrigerant is compressed by t he compressor to a high pressure and temperature gaseous state. 2.1.5 RECIEVER-DRIER The receiver-drier is used on the high side of systems that use a thermal expansion valve. This type of metering valve requires liquid refrigerant. To ensure that the valve gets liquid refrigerant, a receiver is used. The primary function of the receiver-drier is to separate gas and liquid. The secondary purpose is to remove moisture and filter out dirt. The receiver-drier usually has a sight glass in the top. This sight glass is often used to charge the system. Under normal operating conditions, vapor bubbles should not be visible in the sight glass. The use of the sight glass to charge the system is not recommended in R-134a systems as cloudiness and oil that has separated from the refrigerant can be mistaken for bubbles. This type of mistake can lead to a dangerous overcharged condition. There are variations of receiver-driers and several different desiccant materials are in use. Some of the moisture removing desiccants found within are not compatible with R-134a. The desiccant ty pe is usually identified on a sticker that is affixed to the receiver-drier. Neour receiver-driers use desiccant type XH-7 and are compatible with both R-12 and R-134a refrigerants. The ac receiver drier is used to take all of the water out of the ac system, and to take out any contaminants that may plug the ac system. The ac receiver drier should be changed every time we remove any ac component that exposes the sealed ac system to the atmosphere. (Fig. 2.5) The ac receiver drier is typically located in the engine compartment and has 2 hoses connected to it. There also may be a low-pressure switch attached to the receiver drier as well. For convenience some ac receiver driers have a small window on the unit to allow we to see if the air conditioning system is fully charged. Simply turn the ac system on high, wait a few minutes and look at the small window. We should not see any bubbles passing thru the receiver drier. 2.1.6 ACCUMULATORS Accumulators are used on systems that accommodate an orifice tube to meter refrigerants into the evaporator. It is connected directly to the evaporator outlet and stores excess liquid refrigerant. Introduction of liquid refrigerant into a compressor can do serious damage. Compressors are designed to compress gas not liquid. The chief role of the accumulator is to isolate the compressor from any damaging liquid refrigerant. Accumulators, like receiver-driers, also remove debris and moisture from a system. It is a good idea to replace the accumulator each time the system is opened up for major repair and anytime moisture and/or debris is of concern. Moisture is enemy number one for our A/C system. Moisture in a system mixes with refrigerant and forms a corrosive acid. When in doubt, it may be to our advantage to change the Accumulator or receiver in our system. While this may be a temporary discomfort for our wallet, it is of long term benefit to our air conditioning system. An accumul ator can maintain the pressure in a system for periods when there are slight leaks without the pump being cycled on and off constantly. When temperature changes cause pressure excursions the accumulator helps absorb them. Its size helps absorb fluid that might otherwise be locked in a small fixed system with no room for expansion due to valve arrangement.(Fig.2.6) The gas precharge in an accumulator is set so that the separating bladder, diaphragm or piston does not reach or strike either end of the operating cylinder. The design precharge normally ensures that the moving parts do not foul the ends or block fluid passages. Poor maintenance of precharge can destroy an operating accumulator. A properly designed and maintained accumulator should operate trouble-free. 2.1.7 ORIFICE TUBE The orifice tube, probably the most commonly used, can be found in most GM and Ford models. It is located in the inlet tube of the evaporator, or in the liquid line, somewhere between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator. This point can be found in a properly functioning system by locating the area between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator that suddenly makes the change from hot to cold. We should then see small dimples placed in the line that keep the orifice tube from moving. Most of the orifice tubes in use today measure approximately three inches in length and consist of a small brass tube, surrounded by plastic, and covered with a filter screen at each end. It is not uncommon for these tubes to become clogged with small debris. While inexpensive, usually between three to five dollars, the labor to replace one involves recovering the refrigerant, opening the system up, replacing the orifice tube, evacuating and then recharging. Wit h this in mind, it might make sense to install a larger pre filter in front of the orifice tube to minimize the risk of of this problem reoccurring. Some Ford models have a permanently affixed orifice tube in the liquid line. These can be cut out and replaced with. (Fig.2.7) 2.2 CAUSES OF AIR CONDITIONING PROBLEMS 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION Most of us take the AC in our automobiles for granted. We dont give it much thought during our daily commute. The only time we think about it is when we it starts giving us problems. But just like all the other important part of a vehicle, its AC should also be maintained properly. Especially in the cities where we get a lot of sunshine, a car without a proper AC is nothing less than a solar heater. It can be quite a punishment to travel in such a car. There can be various reasons behind a cars air conditioning problem. There are various components in it and anyone of the AC parts can create trouble. For example, if there is absolutely no cold air from the AC, then it may have one of these problems: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The fuse might be blown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Driver belt may be broken. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There can be a blockage in the expansion valve, receiver driver or refrigerant line. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fault or leakage in expansion valve. If we are having the problem of decreased cooling in the vehicle, then there might be a slow leak or blockage in the system that needs to be check as soon as possible. A low refrigerant charge, or a slipping AC compressor clutch can also decrease the performance of the AC. Here we must remember that minor leaks of refrigerant in some air conditioners are normal, but if the leakage increases over time, then see a mechanic immediately. Many of the neour models have external filters to keep the dust particles from reaching inside the car. But with time, these filters can also get clogged and reduce the air flow. Make sure that we clean these filters at regular intervals, especially if we live in a dusty place. If we experience a musty smell in the car than it is very much possible that mould is blocking the filter and evaporator of the Air conditioner. In such cases, the air might be cold but not cool enough and there will be a strange moisty smell inside the car. Many people might even experience allergic attacks as soon as they enter the car. Take the car to the mechanic immediately, if we suspect any mould or fungal infestation in our car AC. As we all have experienced at some point of our life, getting the AC of a car is tedious task because we have to send our cars to the mechanic for at least one or two days. This is not only very expensive, but very time consuming too. So, make sure that we keep our car in the best condition possible. Get it serviced on time and dont ignore any warning signs that our AC might be giving. Whenever we take our car on a rough and long ride, make sure that we get it serviced from a qualified mechanic afterwards. Ask the mechanic to put emphasis on the A/C compressor and its other parts 2.2.2 MAIN PROBLEMS AND CAUSES Air conditioning, which was once a great luxury, is now a common feature on most motor vehicles. While the servicing of modern car air conditioning systems is best left to professionals, we can get the most enjoyment from our ac system if we know a bit about how it works and what malfunctions we should be on the lookout for. 1. Odd smells coming from the air conditioning may be caused by bacterial buildups As our car becomes older, or when the air conditioning system is used infrequently, bacteria, micro-organisms, mold and fungi may start growing, just behind the dash panel on the evaporator causing some very unpleasant odors. Some even claim this can result in headaches and flu like symptom sometimes referred to as sick car syndrome. This problem can be solved by using an anti-bacterial treatment that destroys the bacteria growth and leaves our car smelling fresh again. 2. If we car does not feel cold enough, then we may need to recharge our system If we feel that our car doesnt feel as cold as our friends car, then our system may need servicing. The air conditioning system in our vehicle is not usually covered by most manufacturers servicing schedules and the refrigerant gas that is used to operate the system depletes over time. On average most vehicles lose up to 15% per annum. This leakage can be caused when then system is not used during the winter months. Thus allowing the small O ring seals to dry out resulting in a gradual deterioration in system performance. If this continues, eventually the system will not be able to operate at all. Most problems of this type can be put right fairly easily by a leak check of our system followed by a complete refill of our air conditioning refrigerant, this is sometimes referred to as a re-gas. 3. Running our air conditioning year round will help maintain the system If we run the air conditioning in the winter it will help to keep the system well lubricated and leak tight. This is because the refrigerant actually carries the oil that lubricates the system and most importantly the compressor. It also keeps the seals and hoses moist, thus preventing them from drying out and cracking which can lead to leaks. 4. Strange noises coming from the air conditioning should be attended to immediately. If our air-con system suddenly starts making noises we have not heard before it is very advisable to have a qualified vehicle air conditioning specialist to have a look at it. Some noises could be early symptoms of a compressor failure (the compressor is the air conditioning pump).The compressor is usually the most expensive part on the system ranging from approximately  £230 to  £600+ and if the bearings in our compressor break down or if the compressor seizes up it also means that other components can become contaminated with metal particles A flush of the system would then be needed as well as replacement of the compressor, the receiver/drier and the expansion valve quite a hefty bill! 5. Dont worry about a pool of water forming under our car after using the A/C If we see a puddle of water on the ground, usually under the passenger area dont be alarmed. This is a normal feature of the system as it is only water dripping from the air conditioning evaporator. The evaporator has a drain tube fitted to allow the condensation from the evaporator to drain away from the vehicle. 6. Excessive moisture inside the car can be fixed easily Sometimes the drain tube from the evaporator may become blocked or detached allowing the condensation to build up inside evaporator. If this occurs water will just build up inside oure car to a point where there are damp carpets or misting / high humidity type problems. These problems can be solved with low-cost servicing. 7. Have our air conditioning serviced regularly, even if there are no visible problems. Just as the other systems of our car need servicing on a regular basis, the same is true for the air conditioning system. The compressor needs oil, or else it will seize up. The filter collects debris and moisture. If the filter becomes blocked, then the performance of the system will deteriorate and it can even quit working entirely (probably when we need it most!) Normally the refrigerant gas in a car air conditioning system has to be recharged completely within four years from the manufacture date and thereafter every two to three years. An annual servicing of our cars air conditioning system will guard against malfunctions in the compressor and other vital parts of the system. Regular maintenance will save we money in the long run and guarantee we comfort in the hottest months. Vehicle manufacturers recommend servicing air-conditioning systems every two years. A fully functional system brings we several major benefits: Ensures that correct temperatures are being reached. Reduces pollen and pollution entering our car. Saves we money. Reduces the amount of chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere. Increases the life of our vehicles air conditioning system. A useful tip in winter is to run the air conditioning to prevent our windscreen misting 3.1. METHODOLOGY RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FAILURE ANALYSIS 4.1. CONCLUSIONS The project report mainly deals with how an air conditioner works and explains the various working features of the air conditioner such as the working parts and then deals with the problems associated with air conditioning and the main causes of it. The project also gives an insight to the air conditioning world and how important it is to our modern day world.

The paradox of confinement and freedom in A Doll?s House and Like Water

In the texts, A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel, Nora Helmer and Tita (Josefita) are subject to the paradox of confinement and freedom. Tita is restricted to the ranch and kitchen, and Nora to the house. Concurrently, in the seclusion of the kitchen, Tita is liberated from Mama Elena’s control, has freedom of self-expression through cooking, and can openly express her feelings. Josefita is a skilled cook with mystical abilities, and also has some freedom and control in the household. Both characters are victims of role-play. Tita has the role of housewife and Nora is a mother, wife, and dependent. Nora finds freedom in her debt, which gives her a sense of authority and control. The importance of role-play to Torvald (Helmer) challenges the strength of his marriage to Nora. Torvald’s faà §ade of a relationship with Nora disguises the lack of depth of his love for her and Nora’s recognition of this liberates her. She leaves him and discovers that it is the kind of freedom that she really wants. A Doll’s House narrates how role-play and the competition for control co-exist. Consequently, one cannot be discussed without the other. This is also true of Like Water for Chocolate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In A Doll’s House, Ibsen uses debt as a symbol to expose the superficiality of Nora and Torvald’s marriage. Ibsen uses Nora’s secret debt as a tool for making social comment. It is significant for Nora’s realisation of the shallowness of their marriage and it also gives her a sense of pride and control in her daily life. Ultimately, the debt gives her freedom for self-discovery but simultaneously restrains her because she must deprive herself and lie to Helmer in order to repay it. When Helmer discovers Nora’s secret debt and forgery, he is so caught up in her crime and his ‘appearances’ that he overlooks her ignorance and good intentions. When confronted with the fact that Torvald will discover her secret debt, she believes that if he is the man she thinks he is, his finding will only strengthen their relationship. Act Three reveals that Helmer clearly does not intend to sacrifice himself for her and accuses her of having ‘†¦no religion, no morality, no sense of duty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ibsen p221). Then the faà §ade is unmistakable and 'at that moment †¦ [she] realised that for eight years [she] had been living here with a strange ma... ... what she missed in the confinement of her home. Overall, A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel are narratives about patriarchy and the effects of role-play. Words; 1, 396 Bibliography Ibsen, Henrik, A Doll’s House, 1998, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom Esquivel, Laura, Like Water for Chocolate, 1993, Doubleday, United Kingdom Dr Rose Lucas at the University of Central Queensland www.equ.edu.au/arts/humanities/litstud/natt/nattch22esquival.htm Mackenzie, E. Dennard, www.class.uidaoedu/eng295_2/webwork/Mackenzie_dennard (class hand-out) Johnston, Brian, Realism and A Doll’s House (class handout) http://ibsenvoyages/e-texts/doll/index.html, [online] 2/11/04 www.history.asud.edu/gen/projects/border/page06.html (class handout) Enchiladas or Tacos? Families, Frontiers & Food in Like Water for Chocolate, University of South Australia Library, Magill, 2001 (class handout) Woods, Dr. Wally, Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate, University of Central Queensland (class handout) Dr Rose Lucas at the University of Central Queensland www.equ.edu.au/arts/humanities/litstud/natt/nattch22esquival.htm