A critical essay based on three scenes Essay Example for Free

A critical essay based on three scenes Essay Consider the importance of these scenes in the play as a whole. You should write about:   Dramatic effect   The language of the scenes Presentation of character   Changes in mood and tone Key themes within Romeo and Juliet are conveyed to the audience within the prologue. These themes help the audience to understand the first meeting between Romeo and Juliet and also their later meetings. Within the prologue, it is written by Shakespeare that from these two families, Romeo and Juliet are destined to fall in love; it also conveys the hatred of both families: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. The audience has already been told that they are destined to fall in love, it is written in the stars and also are destined to take their own lives. The first impression that helps the reader to understand Romeo is that he is in love with a girl called Rosaline, however Romeo has been rejected. Consequently, Romeo feels very lonely and isolated, and he has also become depressed. This prepares the audience for his meeting with Juliet. Juliet does not come into the story until Act 1 Scene 2, where Capulet, her father, and Paris who wishes to marry Juliet are discussing her. The first impression of Juliet that the audience understands is that she is a very dutiful daughter to the Capulet family. Juliet has also become very obedient. The adults control her in her life, all of her decisions are made for her and she is protected form the outside world. These impressions tell the reader that both Romeo and Juliet are very vulnerable. Juliet has never loved anyone whereas Romeo has been depressed from falling out of love. These all lead up to Act 1 scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo and Juliet are destined to meet because the servant cannot read and asks Romeo for help. Benvolio persuades Romeo to go so that he can see other woman, however destiny has facilitated Romeo and Juliets meeting. Act 1 scene 5 is the first scene is the first scene where Romeo and Juliet meet each other. There is a mascarade party within the Capulet household. This is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first kiss. Everything builds up to this scene. Firstly, the beginning of the scene shows the presentation of the characters wearing masks to cover their faces. Within this scene, when Romeo and Juliet first meet, Shakespeare changes the language, which they both speak to each other. The language used by Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and also very religious, also Romeo speaks first: This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this. The layout of the way Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and is also in the form of a sonnet. This quote shows that Romeo is comparing Juliet to a shrine and pilgrims: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand. This play has a strong religious base, as it shows signs of death and marriage. Religion also conveys purity and key elements within life. Romeo and Juliet both speak in a manner of a sonnet. They both speak a full stanza, and then two lines each, and then a couplet, which they both share. Juliet gains confidence as the conversation goes on. As both Romeo and Juliets responses become much shorter, they also move closer to each other ready to kiss. Within the sonnet, the use of a couplet which Romeo and Juliet both share, suggests that they are meant to be: Juliet: Saints do not move, though grant for prayers sake. Romeo: Then move not while my prayers effect I take. This couplet adds an effect that they are meant to be, love at first sight and are immediately attracted. Fate has dictated that they would die together which allows many moments of dramatic irony due to the audience already knowing that it is written in the prologue. The dramatic effect within this scene is the use of religion. Later on in the scene, dramatic irony is shown again as Juliet speaks to the nurse: My grave is like to be my wedding bed. This is dramatic irony, as the audience already knows from reading the prologue that this will come true, as it is their destiny. Act 2 scene 2 is the second meeting where Romeo and Juliet meet. This is one of the most famous scenes in Romeo and Juliet, and also the most romantic scenes in the history of drama. This is the balcony scene where the destined lovers engage in a very poetic and romantic conversation. The mood and tone of this scene is built up by romantic conversation, firstly, Romeo speaking aloud. Romeo dominates this scene, as he is the one who pursues her. He begins the conversation in the opening of the scene. This whole scene is devoted to Romeo and Juliets interaction. Romeo sees light in the window of the balcony, and uses a metaphor to compare Juliet to the sun: It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Romeo compares Juliet to the sun, as light is essential for everyone to survive, as Juliet is essential for Romeo to live. Light is eternal and it shows security and warmth. It is also very pure. Again, within this scene, religion is used to convey Juliets innocence: As is a winged messenger of heaven. Romeo compares Juliet to an angel, which shows love, purity and innocence. Within this scene, Romeo is very poetic, whereas Juliet is pragmatic: If they do see thee, they will murder thee. This shows that Juliet is aware of the consequences that will befall Romeo if he is caught. Within this scene Juliet is very nervous and feels very insecure: Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say Ay. This quote shows that Juliet feels herself very insecure and questions Romeo about their love. In the scene, Romeo uses a variety of techniques to declare her love: I should adventure for such merchandise. Romeo uses this to persuade Juliet and shows exaggerated devotion towards her. Juliet also changes during the course of the scene. In touch, fair Montague, I am too fond. Juliet uses an epithet- fair Montague which shows that she has had a change in confidence. Juliets perception of Romeo is that he is fair and kind. Romeo gives Juliet his reassurance of their love: Thexchange of thy loves faithful vow for mine. This quote shows that Romeo wants her love. In this scene dramatic irony is introduced again: And the place death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here. This quote shows that Juliets family will come after Romeo if they find him here, Tybalts violent threats earlier in the play increase the tension. Juliet switches the conversation to where they will next meet: I have no joy of this contract tonight. Once Juliet is sure Romeo is in love with her, she needs a sense of future security whereas Romeo continues to be romantic and live for the moment. Act 3 scene 5 is the third and final scene which Romeo and Juliet are presented to the audience alive. Between Act 2 scene 2 to this scene, Shakespeare has added violence to contrast with love. This is so that the audience can anticipate the tragedy as it builds up tension towards the death scene. Within this scene, the mood has changed from previous scenes where Tybalt has been killed, and Capulet insisting on Juliet marrying Paris, the tension has lifted. Juliet opens the scene, which shows that she is more confident now. Juliet is very poetic: It was the nightingale, and not the lark. Juliet is playing with Romeo, teasing him and with the use of romantic imagery she is trying to persuade Romeo to stay with her. Within this scene Romeo and Juliet speak equally, feeling both equally confident. Most of what Juliet is saying is that she wants him to stay longer, due to his banishment: Therefore stay yet, thou needst not to be gone. This quote shows Juliets insecurity, she needs to feel his devotion. Romeo replies to this question: I have more care to stay than will to go. This response is what Juliet wants to hear to feel his devotion and reassurance of their love. Within this scene, due to Juliet feeling confident, she once again becomes pragmatic: It is, it is, hie hence, be gone, away! . There is again also dramatic irony in this scene: More light and light, more dark and dark our woes! This illustrates that there future is very bleak, becoming depressing as the day goes on. Juliet feels her life is Romeo: Then, window, let day in, and let life out. There is another case of dramatic irony when Romeo and Juliet speak: O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? . These words are said in innocence but the audience suspect that this will be the last time they are together alive: From these three scenes we can come to a conclusion that Romeo and Juliets relationship was set to end in tragedy, which was their destiny. There relationship dramatically changed over the course of five days. The three scenes in which Romeo and Juliet interact all lead up to the tragic ending. The intensity of their love propelled them forward to a tragic end. Over the course of their love the audience can observe that Juliet is becoming more confident in her love for Romeo. Their seemingly desperate need for each other blinds them from behaving rationally. Their love shows intensity which shows that they were meant to be, as together as one soul. Fate and destiny has made them fall in love and also takes their lives.

E-Sports :: essays research papers

We live in constant violence. It seems like every year there’s a domestic event highlighted by a bloody rampage by crazed individuals armed with weapons that are meant for such frenzies. The most recent that are still in people’s minds would be the Washington Sniper and the Columbine High School shootings. While it may be true that psychologically troubled individuals planned out and executed both events, later investigations pointed out one hauntingly similar coincidence. The killers practiced on simulated violence that comes with video games (http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Eric+Harris+and+Dylan+Klebold&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1). And because of that, the gaming industry took massive repercussions, with lists such as the one Mothers Against Violence in America created, in which games such as Warcraft 3: The Frozen Throne, Doom 3, Half-Life 2, and Halo are supposed to be avoided by parents at all costs (Lottie). The Interfaith Center on Corporat e Responsibility mentions the same games but takes it a step further stating that â€Å"violent interactive media indicates that it has a strong and more lasting effect on violent behavior†¦in children and adolescents.† (http://www.iccr.org/issues/violence/jointstatement020705.PDF) But is that the truth? Will everyone playing an Entertainment Software Rating Board rated Mature game become a crazed, violent individual who wants to commit mass murders? The mass populace of the United States may say so, but the rest of world seems to disagree (McDonald, 16). Gaming has minimal effects, if not any, on the mental health of its crowd. With legislation pushing for anti-gaming acts, the casual and professional gaming communities are starting to suffer because of a few crazed individuals. Whereas casual gamers will probably complain, American pros will take whatever action they can to slow down the barrage of acts and laws that will hinder their ability to compete at level with f oreign professional gaming teams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ideas that hasn’t taken hold in the United States would be the idea of Electronic Sports or Professional Gaming (commonly known as E-Sports). The rest of the world, namely Europe and Asia, respects and accepts E-Sports, whereas the United States looks down on it. America tries to make attaining competitive games Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike:Source Halo, Warcraft 3 and others difficult for everybody. Europe and Asia on the other hand, have live media coverage at events broadcasted over national television. If a common middle-class mother in America mentions something about games, negative comments would follow suit. If the same case was to happen in Norway, then the responses would be neutral and would wind up with the mothers conversing about their sons/daughters placement in the last major event they were in.

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 18. There Are No Words For This.

18. There Are No Words For This. Bella's body, streaming with red, started to twitch, jerking around in Rosalie's arms like she was being electrocuted. All the while, her face was blank – unconscious. It was the wild thrashing from inside the center of her body that moved her. As she convulsed, sharp snaps and cracks kept time with the spasms. Rosalie and Edward were frozen for the shortest half second, and then they broke. Rosalie whipped Bella's body into her arms, and, shouting so fast it was hard to separate the individual words, she and Edward shot up the staircase to the second floor. I sprinted after them. â€Å"Morphine!† Edward yelled at Rosalie. â€Å"Alice – get Carlisle on the phone!† Rosalie screeched. The room I followed them to looked like an emergency ward set up in the middle of a library. The lights were brilliant and white. Bella was on a table under the glare, skin ghostly in the spotlight. Her body flopped, a fish on the sand. Rosalie pinned Bella down, yanking and ripping her clothes out of the way, while Edward stabbed a syringe into her arm. How many times had I imagined her naked? Now I couldn't look. I was afraid to have these memories in my head. â€Å"What's happening, Edward?† â€Å"He's suffocating!† â€Å"The placenta must have detached!† Somewhere in this, Bella came around. She responded to their words with a shriek that clawed at my eardrums. â€Å"Get him OUT!† she screamed. â€Å"He can't BREATHE! Do it NOW!† I saw the red spots pop out when her scream broke the blood vessels in her eyes. ‘The morphine – ,† Edward growled. â€Å"NO! NOW – !† Another gush of blood choked off what she was shrieking. He held her head up, desperately trying to clear her mouth so that she could breathe again. Alice darted into the room and clipped a little blue earpiece under Rosalie's hair. Then Alice backed away, her gold eyes wide and burning, while Rosalie hissed frantically into the phone. In the bright light, Bella's skin seemed more purple and black than it was white. Deep red was seeping beneath the skin over the huge, shuddering bulge of her stomach. Rosalie's hand came up with a scalpel. â€Å"Let the morphine spread!† Edward shouted at her. â€Å"There's no time,† Rosalie hissed. â€Å"He's dying!† Her hand came down on Bella's stomach, and vivid red spouted out from where she pierced the skin. It was like a bucket being turned over, a faucet twisted to full. Bella jerked, but didn't scream. She was still choking. And then Rosalie lost her focus. I saw the expression on her face shift, saw her lips pull back from her teeth and her black eyes glint with thirst. â€Å"No, Rose!† Edward roared, but his hands were trapped, trying to prop Bella upright so she could breathe. I launched myself at Rosalie, jumping across the table without bothering to phase. As I hit her stone body, knocking her toward the door, I felt the scalpel in her hand stab deep into my left arm. My right palm smashed against her face, locking her jaw and blocking her airways. I used my grip on Rosalie's face to swing her body out so that I could land a solid kick in her gut; it was like kicking concrete. She flew into the door frame, buckling one side of it. The little speaker in her ear crackled into pieces. Then Alice was there, yanking her by the throat to get her into the hall. And I had to give it to Blondie – she didn't put up an ounce of fight. She wanted us to win. She let me trash her like that, to save Bella. Well, to save the thing. I ripped the blade out of my arm. ‘Alice, get her out of here!† Edward shouted. â€Å"Take her to Jasper and keep her there! Jacob, I need you!† I didn't watch Alice finish the job. I wheeled back to the operating table, where Bella was turning blue, her eyes wide and staring. â€Å"CPR?† Edward growled at me, fast and demanding. â€Å"Yes!† I judged his face swiftly, looking for any sign that he was going to react like Rosalie. There was nothing but single-minded ferocity. â€Å"Get her breathing! I've got to get him out before – â€Å" Another shattering crack inside her body, the loudest yet, so loud that we both froze in shock waiting for her answering shriek. Nothing. Her legs, which had been curled up in agony, now went limp, sprawling out in an unnatural way. â€Å"Her spine,† he choked in horror. â€Å"Get it out of her!† I snarled, flinging the scalpel at him. â€Å"She won't feel anything now!† And then I bent over her head. Her mouth looked clear, so I pressed mine to hers and blew a lungful of air into it. I felt her twitching body expand, so there was nothing blocking her throat. Her lips tasted like blood. I could hear her heart, thumping unevenly. Keep it going, I thought fiercely at her, blowing another gust of air into her body. You promised. Keep your heart beating. I heard the soft, wet sound of the scalpel across her stomach. More blood dripping to the floor. The next sound jolted through me, unexpected, terrifying. Like metal being shredded apart. The sound brought back the fight in the clearing so many months ago, the tearing sound of the newborns being ripped apart. I glanced over to see Edward's face pressed against the bulge. Vampire teeth – a surefire way to cut through vampire skin. I shuddered as I blew more air into Bella. She coughed back at me, her eyes blinking, rolling blindly. â€Å"You stay with me now, Bella!† I yelled at her. â€Å"Do you hear me? Stay! You're not leaving me. Keep your heart beating!† Her eyes wheeled, looking for me, or him, but seeing nothing. I stared into them anyway, keeping my gaze locked there. And then her body was suddenly still under my hands, though her breathing picked up roughly and her heart continued to thud. I realized the stillness meant that it was over. The internal beating was over. It must be out of her. It was. Edward whispered, â€Å"Renesmee.† So Bella'd been wrong. It wasn't the boy she'd imagined. No big surprise there. What hadn't she been wrong about? I didn't look away from her red-spotted eyes, but I felt her hands lift weakly. â€Å"Let me†¦,† she croaked in a broken whisper. â€Å"Give her to me.† I guess I should have known that he would always give her what she wanted, no matter how stupid her request might be. But I didn't dream he would listen to her now. So I didn't think to stop him. Something warm touched my arm. That right there should have caught my attention. Nothing felt warm to me. But I couldn't look away from Bella's face. She blinked and then stared, finally seeing something. She moaned out a strange, weak croon. â€Å"Renes†¦ mee. So†¦ beautiful.† And then she gasped – gasped in pain. By the time I looked, it was too late. Edward had snatched the warm, bloody thing out of her limp arms. My eyes flickered across her skin. It was red with blood – the blood that had flowed from her mouth, the blood smeared all over the creature, and fresh blood welling out of a tiny double-crescent bite mark just over her left breast. â€Å"No, Renesmee,† Edward murmured, like he was teaching the monster manners. I didn't look at him or it. I watched only Bella as her eyes rolled back into her head. With a last dull ga-lump, her heart faltered and went silent. She missed maybe half of one beat, and then my hands were on her chest, doing compressions, i counted in my head, trying to keep the rhythm steady. One. Two. Three. Four. Breaking away for a second, I blew another lungful of air into her. I couldn't see anymore. My eyes were wet and blurry. But I was hyperaware of the sounds in the room. Theunwillingglug-glug of her heart under my demanding hands, the pounding of my own heart, and another – a fluttering beat that was too fast, too light. I couldn't place it. I forced more air down Bella's throat. â€Å"What are you waiting for?† I choked out breathlessly, pumping her heart again. One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"Take the baby,† Edward said urgently. ‘Throw it out the window.† One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"Give her to me,† a low voice chimed from the doorway. Edward and I snarled at the same time. One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"I've got it under control,† Rosalie promised. â€Å"Give me the baby, Edward. Til take care of her until Bella †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I breathed for Bella again while the exchange took place. The fluttering thumpa-thumpa-thumpa faded away with distance. â€Å"Move your hands, Jacob.† I looked up from Bella's white eyes, still pumping her heart for her. Edward had a syringe in his hand – all silver, like it was made from steel. â€Å"What's that?† His stone hand knocked mine out of the way. There was a tiny crunch as his blow broke my little finger. In the same second, he shoved the needle straight into her heart. â€Å"My venom,† he answered as he pushed the plunger down. I heard the jolt in her heart, like he'd shocked her with paddles. â€Å"Keep it moving,† he ordered. His voice was ice, was dead. Fierce and unthinking. Like he was a machine. I ignored the healing ache in my finger and started pumping her heart again. It was harder, as if her blood was congealing there – thicker and slower. While I pushed the now-viscous blood through her arteries, I watched what he was doing. It was like he was kissing her, brushing his lips at her throat, at her wrists, into the crease at the inside of her arm. But I could hear the lush tearing of her skin as his teeth bit through, again and again, forcing venom into her system at as many points as possible. I saw his pale tongue sweep along the bleeding gashes, but before this could make me either sick or angry, I realized what he was doing. Where his tongue washed the venom over her skin, it sealed shut. Holding the poison and the blood inside her body. I blew more air into her mouth, but there was nothing there. Just the lifeless rise of her chest in response. I kept pumping her heart, counting, while he worked manically over her, trying to put her back together. All the king's horses and all the king's men†¦ But there was nothing there, just me, just him. Working over a corpse. Because that's all that was left of the girl we both loved. This broken, bled-out, mangled corpse. We couldn't put Bella together again. I knew it was too late. I knew she was dead. I knew it for sure because the pull was gone. I didn't feel any reason to be here beside her. She wasn't here anymore. So this body had no more draw for me. The senseless need to be near her had vanished. Or maybe moved was the better word. It seemed like I felt the pull from the opposite direction now. From down the stairs, out the door. The longing to get away from here and never, ever come back. â€Å"Go, then,† he snapped, and he hit my hands out of the way again, taking my place this time. Three fingers broken, it felt like. I straightened them numbly, not minding the throb of pain. He pushed her dead heart faster than I had. â€Å"She's not dead,† he growled. â€Å"She's going to be fine.† I wasn't sure he was talking to me anymore. Turning away, leaving him with his dead, I walked slowly to the door. So slowly. I couldn't make my feet move faster. This was it, then. The ocean of pain. The other shore so far away across the boiling water that I couldn't imagine it, much less see it. I felt empty again, now that I'd lost my purpose. Saving Bella had been my fight for so long now. And she wouldn't be saved. She'd willingly sacrificed herself to be torn apart by that monster's young, and so the fight was lost. It was all over. I shuddered at the sound coming from behind me as I plodded down the stairs – the sound of a dead heart being forced to thud. I wanted to somehow pour bleach inside my head and let it fry my brain. To burn away the images left from Bella's final minutes. I'd take the brain damage if I could get rid of that – the screaming, the bleeding, the unbearable crunching and snapping as the newborn monster tore through her from the inside out___ I wanted to sprint away, to take the stairs ten at a time and race out the door, but my feet were heavy as iron and my body was more tired than it had ever been before. I shuffled down the stairs like a crippled old man. I rested at the bottom step, gathering my strength to get out the door. Rosalie was on the clean end of the white sofa, her back to me, cooing and murmuring to the blanket-wrapped thing in her arms. She must have heard me pause, but she ignored me, caught up in her moment of stolen Rjesavate i>itanje brqj 10 odiikiiiio 11 Koje od dole navednih tvrdnji su tacne. 1. Neke od Windows XP aplikacija koriste samo jedan jedini proces u toku svog izvrsavanja 2. Neke od Windows XP aplikacija koriste vise procesa u toku svog izvrsavanja 3. Za svaki proces Windows Task Manager nudi sljedece opcije: Mem Usage, CPU, Image Name, User Name, Password 4. Sve od gore navedenih su tacne 5. Niti jedna od gore navedenih je tacna 6. Ma ovo ni Bill Gates nezna! Ponisti odgovor Idi na pitanje broj: 10 |_^J motherhood. Maybe she would be happy now. Rosalie had what she wanted, and Bella would never come to take the creature from her. I wondered if that's what the poisonous blonde had been hoping for all along. She held something dark in her hands, and there was a greedy sucking sound coming from the tiny murderer she held. The scent of blood in the air. Human blood. Rosalie was feeding it. Of course it would want blood. What else would you feed the kind of monster that would brutally mutilate its own mother? It might as well have been drinking Bella's blood. Maybe it was. My strength came back to me as I listened to the sound of the little executioner feeding. Strength and hate and heat – red heat washing through my head, burning but erasing nothing. The images in my head were fuel, building up the inferno but refusing to be consumed. I felt the tremors rock me from head to toe, and I did not try to stop them. Rosalie was totally absorbed in the creature, paying no attention to me at all. She wouldn't be quick enough to stop me, distracted as she was. Sam had been right. The thing was an aberration – its existence went against nature. A black, soulless demon. Something that had no right to be. Something that had to be destroyed. It seemed like the pull had not been leading to the door after all. I could feel it now, encouraging me, tugging me forward. Pushing me to finish this, to cleanse the world of this abomination. Rosalie would try to kill me when the creature was dead, and I would fight back. I wasn't sure if I would have time to finish her before the others came to help. Maybe, maybe not. I didn't much care either way. I didn't care if the wolves, either set, avenged me or called the Cullens' justice fair. None of that mattered. All I cared about was my own justice. My revenge. The thing that had killed Bella would not live another minute longer. If Bella'd survived, she would have hated me for this. She would have wanted to kill me personally. But I didn't care. She didn't care what she had done to me – letting herself be slaughtered like an animal. Why should I take her feelings into account? And then there was Edward. He must be too busy now – too far gone in his insane denial, trying to reanimate a corpse – to listen to my plans. So I wouldn't get the chance to keep my promise to him, unless – and it was not a wager I'd put money on – I managed to win the fight against Rosalie, Jasper, and Alice, three on one. But even if I did win, I didn't think I had it in me to kill Edward. Because I didn't have enough compassion for that. Why should I let him get away from what he'd done? Wouldn't it be more fair – more satisfying – to let him live with nothing, nothing at all? It made me almost smile, as filled with hate as I was, to imagine it. No Bella. No killer spawn. And also missing as many members of his family as I was able to take down. Of course, he could probably put those back together, since i wouldn't be around to burn them. Unlike Bella, who would never be whole again. I wondered if the creature could be put back together. I doubted it. It was part Bella, too – so it must have inherited some of her vulnerability. I could hear that in the tiny, thrumming beat of its heart. Its heart was beating. Hers wasn't. Only a second had passed as I made these easy decisions. The trembling was getting tighter and faster. I coiled myself, preparing to spring at the blond vampire and rip the murderous thing from her arms with my teeth. Rosalie cooed at the creature again, setting the empty metal bottle-thing aside and lifting the creature into the air to nuzzle her face against its cheek. Perfect. The new position was perfect for my strike. I leaned forward and felt the heat begin to change me while the pull toward the killer grew – it was stronger than I'd ever felt it before, so strong it reminded me of an Alpha's command, like it would crush me if I didn't obey. This time I wanted to obey. The murderer stared past Rosalie's shoulder at me, its gaze more focused than any newborn creature's gaze should be. Warm brown eyes, the color of milk chocolate – the exact same color that Bella's had been. My shaking jerked to a stop; heat flooded through me, stronger than before, but it was a new kind of heat – not a burning. It was a glowing. Everything inside me came undone as I stared at the tiny porcelain face of the half-vampire, half-human baby. All the lines that held me to my life were sliced apart in swift cuts, like clipping the strings to a bunch of balloons. Everything that made me who I was – my love for the dead girl upstairs, my love for my father, my loyalty to my new pack, the love for my other brothers, my hatred for my enemies, my home, my name, my se/f – disconnected from me in that second – snip, snip, snip – and floated up into space. I was not left drifting. A new string held me where I was. Not one string, but a million. Not strings, but steel cables. A million steel cables all tying me to one thing – to the very center of the universe. I could see that now – how the universe swirled around this one point. I'd never seen the symmetry of the universe before, but now it was plain. The gravity of the earth no longer tied me to the place where I stood. It was the baby girl in the blond vampire's arms that held me here now. Renesmee. From upstairs, there was a new sound. The only sound that could touch me in this endless instant. A frantic pounding, a racing beat†¦ A changing heart.

Impact of the Increasing RMB Exchange Rate Changes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2479 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction With the advent of the G20 Summit, the future change of the RMB exchange rate becomes the hot topic. In respect that China is characterized for the great amount of the exporting business which accounts for the large proportions of the Gross Domestic Product, the impact caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will destroy the competency of the Chinese products. But to the petroleum industry in China, the increasing RMB exchange rate might give some positive impact on the Chinese national petroleum companies especially under the condition that the crude petroleum import increases every year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of the Increasing RMB Exchange Rate Changes" essay for you Create order In order to find out the possible impact of the increasing RMB exchange rate on the Chinese national petroleum companies, this essay will firstly discuss the relationship between the operation of the Chinese national companies and the increasing RMB exchange rate. Following that, it will analyze the benefits and risks that might be caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate. Lastly, it will discuss the feasible measures that can be adopted to eliminate the negative impact given by the increasing RMB exchange rate. Since the major Chinese national petroleum companies are CNOOC, CPI and CNPC (Rice, 2010), these companies will be illustration used in the analysis of this essay. Relationship between the operation of the Chinese national petroleum companies and the increasing RMB exchange rate The value china of the petroleum business consists of the segments of petroleum prospecting, petroleum production, petroleum product refining, petroleum product processing, sales and distribution (Petrostrategies, 2010). In respect that China is not rich in the petroleum resource and has the difficulty in exploiting the petroleum, the emphasis of the Chinese oil companiesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ business is focused on the middle and lower reaches of the value chain such as the petroleum product refining and processing, sales and distribution (CNOOC, 2010; SINOPEC, 2010; CNPC, 2010). What is more, the rapid economic development boosts the great demand of the energy and the petroleum products. China has to rely on the increasing crude oil import to satisfy the increasing needs. As the state owned enterprises, most of the crude oil of the CNOOC, SINOPEC and CNPC is imported from the foreign countries such as the petroleum production companies in t he Middle East. Therefore, the changes of the RMB exchange rate certainly influence the manufacturing costs of these national oil companies. If the RMB exchange rate is increased, the Chinese national companies will have the advantage in bringing on the costs expended in the upper reach of the petroleum value chain (Jin, 2010). In addition, even though the proportion of the petroleum prospecting and production is not as large as the other parts, the Chinese national petroleum companies still engage in the research and develop of these two segments of the business. Due to the intensive large capital required in the research and development as well as the introduction and cooperation with the international petroleum, the increasing RMB exchange rate does good to bringing down the cost caused by these activities. In the overall perspectives, similar to the upper reach of the value chain, the activities of the petroleum sales and distribution in the lower chain also benefits from the increase of the RMB exchange rate. In terms of the international competition, after the final processing, the crude oil will be ultimately turned into the different types of chemical products. And some of these chemical products will be exported and sold in the international market. As the part of the overall product cost can be attributed from the cost of the crude oil, the decreasing crude oil cost caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be brought down accordingly (Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2010). Other things being equal, the increasing RMB exchange will result in the increase in the competency of these chemical products within the international market. However, the increasing RMB exchange rate acts like a double-edged sword on this issue. In the long term perspective, the increas ing could increase the manufacturing and labor cost. In the end, the increasing cost would be equal to the cost saved, leading to the absence of the product competency caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate. At the same time, this product competency increased can also help the Chinese national petroleum companies prevent their market shares from losing to the internal petroleum companies within the domestic market. However, as for the petroleum product refining and processing activities of the Chinese oil companies, the increasing RMB exchange rate does not have much influence. This is because that the cost of the petroleum product refining and processing activities is influenced by the internal management capability in a greater extent. Moreover, the refining and processing technique is relatively mature that the Chinese national petroleum companies do not need to seek the international collaboration in this field. As it can be seen, due to the different relation between different parts of the Chinese national petroleum company value chain and the RMB exchange rate, the influence given by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied along of different segments of the petroleum value chain. The benefits caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate In light of the relationship analysis between the operation of Chinese national petroleum companies and the RMB exchange rate, it can be found out that the increasing RMB exchange rate brings more advantages than disadvantages to the competency of the Chinese national petroleum products. Besides, there are some other benefits brought to the development of the Chinese national petroleum. In terms of the corporate strategy realization, the increasing RMB exchange rate gives positive impact on the sustainable development of the Chinese national petroleum companies. Since the petroleum is the scarce but unsustainable resource and the research and development of the related production is at the great cost and time consuming, the increasing RMB exchange rate brings the advantages of bringing down the cost of technology introduction and international collaboration. In terms of the actual petroleum operation, the strategy petroleum reserve is so important in the current days that the Chinese government implement this strategy via the action of the Chinese national petroleum companies. The strong purchasing power of the RMB favors the decrease of the petroleum bought from the foreign countries. Even though there might the belief that the this advantages might be eliminated in the long run, the petroleumÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s attributes of being scarce but unsustainable makes it necessary and significant to reserve the petroleum. Furthermore, the increasing RMB is good for satisfying the great demand of petroleum caused by the rapid development of China, decreasing the chance of economic disturbance caused by lack of adequate petroleum. The risks caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate In respect that the Chinese national petroleum companies also have business operation with the international industrial counterparts and customers, the increasing RMB exchange also brings the risks to the operation of the Chinese national petroleum companies. The major risk brought by the increasing RMB exchange rate lies in the accounting perspective. This accounting risk shows in two aspects. Firstly, some assets of the Chinese national petroleum companies are recorded in the foreign currency due to the convenience of international business operation. Switching the foreign currency to the national currency might cause the book loss in light of the increase of the RMB exchange rate (McKinnon, 2009). Take CNPC for example, CNPC buy the crude oil as its inventory. In year 1995, the exchange rate was 8.31 Yuan for one dollar and the price for each barrel of crude oil was 15 dollars which was equal to 124.65 Yuan on average (China National Petroleum Corporation, 2010). In year 2008, the RMB exchange rate was raised that the official exchange rate become 7.8 Yuan for one dollar and the price for each barrel of crude oil was 60 dollars which was equal to 468 Yuan on average. Ignoring the influence of the crude oil price changes, the increasing RMB exchange rate can make the company lose at least 6.12% if the crude oil was recorded in the value of US dollar. And the increasing crude oil price would enlarge the book loss. This typically demonstrates the exchange risk occurred in the accounting perspective. The size of the risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied in light of the currency used in the book keeping. Secondly, the Chinese national petroleum companies have affiliated agencies established in the international market and these business entities also have their own financial statements. Combining these financial statements into the financial report of the parent company will probably cause the book loss because of the exchange rate changes (Bradley Moles, 2002). Another risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be shown in the economic perspective (Ahmed Omneya, 2007). This is the economic risk, which is the uncertainty lying in the changes of the interest rates, products, labor cost and the market demand. And the changes of the exchange rate are the ultimate cause of inducing these uncertainties. The increasing RMB exchange rate will bring up the price of the Chinese chemical products that are the one of main income sources relied by Chinese national petroleum companies. The increasing price will weaken the productÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s competency, which results in the decreasing demand towards the Chinese chemical products. What is more, the lower demand of the lower downstream product might lead to the lower demand of the upstream material that is the crude oil (Commodities, 2010). The last risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will show in the perspective of the transaction exposure (Sohnke Gordon, 2007). This is because that the Chinese national petroleum companies engage in many investment and financial activities all over the world. The contracts of these activities are signed without paying attention to the exchange rate changes over the contract term. In addition, these situations also occur in the international as to the oil and gas and the international engineering service collaboration. The variation of the exchange rate happening after signing the contracts or before finishing the account settlement might let these companies suffered from lose increasing or income decreasing. What is more, the Chinese national petroleum companies also engage in the business of foreign exchange trading which is aimed at decreasing its potential loss caused by the changes of the exchange rate. The uncertainties lied in the foreign exchange trading might bring the risk exposure caused by holding the foreign currency. In the recent years, the emphasis paid to the financial system and related regulation by the Chinese national petroleum companies such as CNPC and SINOPEC proves the fact that the risk exposure of foreign exchange trading can have huge impact on the financial performance of these companies (Chen, 2010). The measures adopted to handle the risks caused by the changes of the increasing RMB exchange rate In order to avoid the negative impact given by the risks caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate, there are two types of measures should be taken. One is taken in advance while the other is taken afterwards the issues. In terms of the measures taken in advance, these measures mainly focus on adopting the measures to prevent the risks caused by the exchange rate when the company is signing the contracts. These measures are taken according to the willingness of the business entities. To be specially, the Chinese national petroleum companies should conduct analysis on the exchange rate. The Chinese national petroleum companies should adopt the flexibility of pricing about their products and service in light of the exchange rate by making good use of the information system. In making the tender, these companies should take the changes of the exchange rate into consideration. Furthermore, the company should choose the currency of denomination in a proper manner. These companies should choose the currency that has stable exchange rate or the trend of appreciation in recording the income while they should choose the currency that has the trend of depreciation in recording the expense. Besides, these compa nies should stick to the principle of carrying out the financing and spending by using the same type of currency so as to prevent themselves from the exchange rate risk. In addition, in collaborating with the international counterparts in terms of the petroleum or gas exploitation and engineering technology service, these companies should try their best to match the foreign exchange claims and debts in terms of currency type, size and time. Adjusting the types of currency used in debt obligation, bringing forward or defer the time period of repaying the debts are the major means to realize the match mentioned above. Lastly but not the least, these companies should learn to share the exchange rate risks with cooperation partners. In terms of the measures taken afterwards, these measures refer to the practices to be taken only if the utilization of contracts fails in eliminating the influence caused by the exchange rate. First of all, making good use of the foreign trade financing tools helps the Chinese national petroleum companies to avoid the exchange rate risk. Besides, using these financing tools does good to improving the turnover rate of the corporate working capital and shorten the period of exchange settlement. Moreover, the Chinese national petroleum companies should use the derivatives such as futures and swaps to limit the changes of exchange rate within the acceptable scope so as to determine the income and cost in the future. This practice is widely used in CNOOC and help the company avoid the unnecessary book loss (Credit Suisse, 2010). There are several aspects that need special attention particularly the proportion of the hedge. The utilization of derivatives requires the mangers have strong u nderstanding on these complicated financing tools. Otherwise, the risks of using these tools will be greatly excel the benefits brought by them. Hence, for realizing the purpose of reducing the risks caused by changes of the exchange rate, it is advisable for the Chinese national petroleum companies to use the simple financing tools such as ordinary option and forward. Conclusion By reviewing the possible impact of the increasing RMB exchange rate on the Chinese national petroleum companies, it can be found out that the influence given by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied along of different segments of the petroleum value chain. The increasing RMB exchange rate will bring the benefits that consist of short-term advantages in obtaining resources and long-term sustainable development to the Chinese national petroleum companies. However, this also brings the risks to the companies, which are shown the aspects of accounting, economics and transaction. In order to reduce the influence caused by these risks, two types of measures can be adopted. The measures to be taken in advance consist of proper analysis on exchange rate change, choosing suitable currency in exchange settlement, match between the foreign claim and obligation, sharing the exchange rate risk. The measures to be taken afterwards emphasize the importance of using suitable financing too ls to engage in risk hedging.