Nursing Essay The Recommendations to Guide You through the Writing Process

Nursing Essay The Recommendations to Guide You through the Writing Process To begin with, nursing is one of the most challenging academic courses as it requires great commitment to complete it successfully. Although nursing is considered to be a practical profession, you have to possess the necessary skills to write essays to show your great awareness of the discipline. As such, a nursing essay distances you from the practical side of training and gives an opportunity to demonstrate an academic understanding of nursing practice. A field of nursing has a diverse scope of applications, including a wide range of functions, roles, and responsibilities that a Registered Nurse, Advanced Practice Nurse, and Midwife are educated to perform. Without a doubt, nursing is a difficult discipline for students who want to dedicate their lives to other people’s health and well-being. Thus, nursing essays provide learners with an opportunity to improve their skills, enhance their knowledge, and gain useful experience in the field. For writing a high-quality and informative nursing essay, you can use the following list of questions that will help you test your skills and become confident about the essay: Do you have sufficient knowledge about the basics of nursing practice? Are you aware of the essay topic? Can proposed reforms or initiatives be applied in practice? Can you connect the essay information with the most significant nursing theories? Can you provide the main arguments and draw appropriate conclusions? Which role can your work play in the field of nursing? What would you change if you had the second chance to write your nursing essay? Can you say that you are satisfied with the subsequent results? With this questions in mind, you should plan your writing process, paying attention to every detail. The provided list of questions will help you understand the instructor’s expectations about your essay. Before starting to write the essay, you should profoundly consider what topic you take, what arguments you use, and how you reveal the theme. You should remember that nursing essay must focus on the use of evidence-based medicine that will help make better decisions when it comes to providing care solutions to the patients. The next section of this document will guide you through the writing of an effective and valuable nursing essay. Choosing a Suitable Topic for a Nursing Essay Due to the complex nature of nursing practice, there is a broad range of topics you can choose from. However, your main goal is to produce a competitive and original topic that reveals different aspects of a particular disease, health reform, clinical practice, or global health issue. If your professor did not provide you with a specific topic, you should develop it on your own. To come up with a juicy topic, you should be: Critical. Do not allow your personal feelings or judgments to influence the topics you choose. Instead, be as objective as possible to choose a topic that provides a set of various aspects to reveal. Be unbiased when choosing a topic to receive rational results after all. For example, if you decide to write about benchmarking data for nursing productivity, do not refer to the best issues only. Instead, you should be impartial and attempt to reveal all possible influences of benchmarking data on nursing performance. Open-minded. Do not focus on a specific area of nursing practice since this field of study contains plenty of interesting and undisclosed healthcare issues, diseases, and reforms. Therefore, you should be open-minded and willing to consider various ideas while choosing an appropriate topic for a nursing essay. In particular, if you plan to write about the role of a nurse in clinical practice or the effect of continuous anxiety on nurses’ career, do not hurry up. Instead, consider other possible themes which would be much more interesting, valuable, and informative such as the medical risks in adolescent pregnancy. Culturally competent. Do not choose a topic that can harm other students or even professors from different cultural backgrounds. You should always pay attention to what you write and whether you approach a topic in a right way. For instance, if you intend to write about a global health issue such as AIDS, and you choose to reveal the devastating effect of LGBT communities on the AIDS incidence rate, choose another theme or formulate your topic according to the rules of Nursing Code of Ethics. Therefore, the topic may sound like the connection between unprotected intercourses and the growth of the AIDS incidence rate. As a result, if you are critical, open-minded, and culturally competent when choosing an essay topic, you are more likely to create a suitable theme for a discussion. The following list of themes will encourage you to organize your ideas and develop your own topic: Cultural Sensitivity in the Context of Advanced Nursing Practice; Effective Management of Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing; The Relationship Between the Patronage and Patience in Children Care; Simple Regression Analysis of Health-Care Settings; The Importance of Professional Status for Nurse Achievements; The Disturbing Growth of Infectious Diseases as a Global Health Issue; The Role of Informed Consent in Quantitative Research; Leadership and Nursing Practice; Palliative Care and Nursing Advocacy. The Main Aspects of Nursing Essay Writing To achieve good grades for your essay in the nursing course, you should take into account the main aspects of writing. That is why you should review the essential pillars of nursing essay writing before you reflect upon your theme. \ Evaluate Your Evidence Like a Pro In the process of writing, you should build your arguments and suggestions on practice-based evidence. For this purpose, it is important to evaluate this evidence because it can also be argued due to a lack of effectiveness or limited resources. Besides, the evidence consists of information which is authoritative and reliable since it is more than a simple point of view or someone’s prediction. Moreover, available evidence can be limited contradict other evidence. Furthermore, it is crucial to evaluate and make judgments about what you found. You can use different kinds of evidence for different purposes. In particular, evidence of how individuals endure a specific disease may tell you about patients’ feeling. However, it cannot inform you about what kind of care is the most appropriate in this situation. What is more important, statistical evidence may help you determine the particular effect of a given cause and decide how exactly the care should be arranged. Nevertheless, not every evidence originates from robust experiments, while some may be more powerful than the other. That is why you should determine a connection between evidence and practice before you use it in your essay. It is important to evaluate evidence well to understand its nature and decide whether it can serve your topic. You should be critical and make wise judgments concerning the authority, cohesion, and coherence of the available evidence. Understanding Types of Evidence Is a Must When writing a nursing essay, it is important to distinguish evidence that comes from research and experiments since various research designs influence the nature of evidence differently. Classifying evidence will help you organize the plan reflection and observation more carefully with regard to specific questions. When evidence is appropriately arranged, it is always easier to determine its purpose. It is important to mention that experiential evidence is of great importance for healthcare because it illustrates the analysis of case studies and associates them with risk management. You can use such evidence to analyze cases and clarify what went wrong or what was misinterpreted to avoid similar mistakes in your research. You should remember that the most reliable form of evidence you can use is the one found in your research. It is accurately produced since all inquiries are properly arranged, and great efforts are put to collect data which adhere to research questions. Research is designed to remove the risk of someone’s biased opinion by collecting sufficient data to make objective claims. While choosing evidence for a nursing essay, you should determine whether the work approaches a particular subject closely and intimately. You can create your statements and provide appropriate arguments only on the basis of authentic data. Never make claims that are unsupportable. Do the Evidence Judgments When you finally have different sorts of evidence, you have to judge its merits. The way that you judge evidence is linked to the research design directly. To establish the authority of the design, you should state whether the research is ethical, reliable, and valid. If it really is, you can count on the type of evidence. Plus, you should judge whether the research methods provide sufficient relevant information to meet the goal of the study and answer research questions. As such, it is essential to determine whether the design arrangements are ambiguous and clear to ensure the validity of the findings. Judging critical theory research is the most important part of the work with evidence because it entails establishing the completeness and truthfulness of the premises about the subject. The Ultimate Structure of a Nursing Essay When you have already chosen a suitable topic and selected a portion of evidence to use in your nursing essay, you should understand the final structure of the assignment. The nursing essay structure is similar to the works from the other disciplines. The introduction, the main body, and the conclusion are the skeleton of the essay and the foundation of any writing assignment. You should look through the following sections to understand the structure of your future nursing essay. Introduction The main goal of the introduction is to present your essay topic to the target audience and provide sufficient background information about the theme. In the introduction, you should give the rationale behind your paper and show its importance in the nursing field. In general, the introductory paragraph is designed to raise the reader’s interest in the topic and grab his/her attention. For this purpose, there is a need for a hook that can be in the form of questions, surprising statistical data, or quotes coming from the famous healthcare professionals. In addition, you should try to make your introduction concise but informative at the same time to provide a short review of your essay. The concluding sentence of your introduction will be the so-called thesis statement. It is the main part of any nursing essay that presents your position concerning the topic and provides a summary of the main points. Hence, it is essential that your thesis statement includes one sentence that will serve as a basis for your further argumentation. The thesis statement is considered effective if it answers the question of the essay directly and makes a claim that others may dispute. The following list includes examples of strong thesis statements: The shortage of nurses in the global healthcare system affects patients’ satisfaction, a level of mortality, and the quality of care. In this essay, the strong point is presented to advocate for the growth in nursing that will address patient complaints, family concerns, and enhance the completion of health programs. Amnesia is the most dangerous illness since it causes the loss of important memories, complicates the new information learning process, and forms false memories. The Main Body of a Nursing Essay Probably, this is the most significant part of your essay since the thesis statement does not work until it is justified using strong arguments. The main body of your nursing essay shows the consecutive development of your analysis. Thus, it is important to remember that each issue you would like to discuss should appear in a separate paragraph. Additionally, each paragraph should contain a topic sentence in which you present your opinion regarding the issue, evidence for support, discussion, and the concluding statements in which you clarify whether the subsequent analysis refuted or proved your argument. Don’t use any irrelevant information to meet the word count requirements because the quality of your work will significantly decrease. Strong Conclusion In this section, you should restate your thesis statement, summarize the main arguments revealed in the main body, and give further recommendations concerning the topic. You should frame your conclusion exceptionally to make your work more appealing to the reader. The main task of the conclusion in your nursing essay is to outline the results and all findings and reflect upon their significance in the field of nursing. The findings presented in the concluding segment should relate back to the position provided in the thesis statement. The conclusion can also be viewed as your last opportunity to convince the reader that your essay is strong, reliable, and valid. Only such an essay will earn you a good grade. You are not allowed to introduce new concepts or express new opinions in the conclusion since this part is completely based on the argumentation presented in the main body of the essay. You need to concentrate on the essential arguments of the essay and formulate the ultimate mea ning of your research. Proofreading and Editing Tips from Our Writers When you’re done with the writing part, it is time to check your work for different types of common mistakes. Proofreading is an important step in the entire writing process because the grammar, the punctuation, and the spelling mistakes can affect the clarity of your essay significantly. You are not allowed to use the first person â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† in your nursing essay since it will make your work informal and too personal. All kinds of statistics, statements, and ideas should be presented in a scholarly manner. Do not forget to cite any information that is not common knowledge to avoid plagiarism issues. Finally, take your time and examine your essay as thoroughly as possible. Pay attention to all figures, tables, or graphs that can be used in the nursing essay. Investigate whether your essay is readable and looks appealing to the reader. Check the consistency of your work and evaluate the effectiveness of your analysis. Make sure that all statements used in your nursing essay are meaningful and up to a point. Use this nursing essay writing guide to save up time and create an excellent nursing essay. References Academic Essay Writing. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cdu.edu.au/sites/default/files/acike/docs/academic-essay-writing-%20resource.pdf Five Tips for Writing Your Nursing School Application Essay. (2018). Retrieved from https://nursingeducationexpert.com/five-tips-writing-nursing-school-application-essay/ Middleton, J. (2013). Clear writing: How to get top marks for your essays. Nursing Times. Retrieved from https://www.nursingtimes.net/students/clear-writing-how-to-get-top-marks-for-your-essays/5041348.article Pace, A., Guariglia, L. (2017). OS05.5 Pallative care in Brain Tumors: 15 years of activity of a Neuroncological Home Care Service. Neuro-Oncology, 19 (Suppl_3), Iii9-Iii10.doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox036.032 Professional Values In Nursing (Essay Sample). (2018). Retrieved from https://essaybasics.com/professional-values-in-nursing-essay-sample/ Shields, L. (2013). A personal essay on the role of the nurse. Contemporary Nurse, 43(2), 213-218. doi:10.5172/conu.2013.43.2.213 Subject Guides: Nursing and Midwifery: Referencing Writing. (2017). Retrieved from https://utas.libguides.com/c.php?g=498282p=3411543 The Nursing School Essay: Application Tips Part I | Northeastern University. (2018, March 14). Retrieved from https://absn.northeastern.edu/blog/nursing-school-essay/ Wyman-Chmielewski, J. Nursing Essay. Retrieved from https://www.michleaguenursing.org/docs/WymanEssay09.pdf

Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Faith - Essay Example During that time, Christians who were caught and refused to commit fumie were imprisoned and subject a painful death known as â€Å"Anazuri† ( hung and bled to death over a pit ). It is through the harrowing experience of Rodriguez during his stay in Japan that he discovers the trials that his mentor has undergone. Unfortunately, even his own mentor was swallowed by pessimism. He was bitter in the end, swallowed by his own shame and guilt. In the end, he was betrayed by Kichiji-ro and Rodriguez commits the act of fumie. Being a historical fiction, the novel also relates the ties between Japan and the west because it recalls how the shoguns converted the people into Buddhism and launched a drive to expel missionaries. Apparently, the west had already begun its missions through St. Francis Xavier in 1549. The author always portrayed Rodriguez as Christ-like. His struggles of being the only Japanese in the university made him a reject, he was neither a Japanese nor French. He also contracted tuberculosis that resulted to one of his lungs removed that seemed to warn him how difficult it would be to pursue the search of his faith (Reinseima 2004 ) This was his main crisis in faith was only resolved when he met his former mentor in prison. Although it seems that every turn of his life was a block to his faith, it was only in the end that he recognized that these were not blocks at all. In fact, those struggles strengthened Rodriguez character and illuminated him in finding his faith . Moreover, his struggles like rejection, incarceration, persecution are the real mani- festations of having solid faith because despite the tribulations, Rodriguez searched for Christ. It was this unsettling silence of God that deeply troubled the main character Even at the beginning of the story, Rodriguez is already fascinated by the face of Christ. He would always wonder how Christ would look like in many situations such as kneeling in the Garden of Gethsemane. He

Slavery in Farming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Slavery in Farming - Research Paper Example What is their living pattern, how much are they paid, what kind of working conditions are they experiencing and are they satisfied. In a Country like the United States, there are about 1.4 million farm workers who work in states like Washington, Texas, North Carolina, Oregon, Florida and about one-third of them are living in California. Majorly the farmers are working on the large farms. Most of the farm workers are immigrants and are part of the temporary population. From the times of Chinese gold diggers coming from the Pearl River Delta and trying to work on their native horticulture especially in the valleys and areas of California from the 19th century, the farm workers are most marginalized and are living a life which is precarious especially in the agriculture state along with slavery practice bringing with it from the South a lot of concerns about the agriculture. They are problems and the major problem is their language problem and this makes them live an isolated life, tota lly away from the outside world (Hopkinson, D. 2006).   During the New deal era, there was a Wagner Act along with national labor relations act which was signed by the President Franklin Roosevelt during the year 1935, sadly the farm workers were excluded from these acts as per the demand and request of the democratic senators coming from the south. They were not ready to extend the privileges to the African Americans and these were mostly the farm workers who were working in that region. The situation and condition along with the treatment had been the same with the farm workers since that time and no remedies and solutions have been taken out to work or improve conditions for them or think about them. Minimum wage laws do not apply federally to the farm workers along with the farmers not being entitled to the overtime pay as well. The labor rules totally change for the farm workers. Children who are of 12 years can be hired to work on the farms. According to some researchers and surveys, there has been an estimation of about 300,000 and 800,000 who work in the American fields at some point in their life in a year. There is no proper system to check, track and count them and their work. A lady from Bon Appetite Management company foundation, Vera Chang said that last week at the Eco-Farm Conference that about 22 full-time inspectors are taking control of 1.4 million farm workers and even during the 21st century there has been a systemic progress linked with the farm workers and their situation. Throughout America different incidents took place, from farm owners who were existing in Florida were charged for violating human rights and there have been about eight cases which involved slavery and about more than 1000 farm workers who were foreigners were prosecuted (Bushman, C. L., & Walker, J. 2002).  

A critical essay based on three scenes Essay Example for Free

A critical essay based on three scenes Essay Consider the importance of these scenes in the play as a whole. You should write about:   Dramatic effect   The language of the scenes Presentation of character   Changes in mood and tone Key themes within Romeo and Juliet are conveyed to the audience within the prologue. These themes help the audience to understand the first meeting between Romeo and Juliet and also their later meetings. Within the prologue, it is written by Shakespeare that from these two families, Romeo and Juliet are destined to fall in love; it also conveys the hatred of both families: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. The audience has already been told that they are destined to fall in love, it is written in the stars and also are destined to take their own lives. The first impression that helps the reader to understand Romeo is that he is in love with a girl called Rosaline, however Romeo has been rejected. Consequently, Romeo feels very lonely and isolated, and he has also become depressed. This prepares the audience for his meeting with Juliet. Juliet does not come into the story until Act 1 Scene 2, where Capulet, her father, and Paris who wishes to marry Juliet are discussing her. The first impression of Juliet that the audience understands is that she is a very dutiful daughter to the Capulet family. Juliet has also become very obedient. The adults control her in her life, all of her decisions are made for her and she is protected form the outside world. These impressions tell the reader that both Romeo and Juliet are very vulnerable. Juliet has never loved anyone whereas Romeo has been depressed from falling out of love. These all lead up to Act 1 scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo and Juliet are destined to meet because the servant cannot read and asks Romeo for help. Benvolio persuades Romeo to go so that he can see other woman, however destiny has facilitated Romeo and Juliets meeting. Act 1 scene 5 is the first scene is the first scene where Romeo and Juliet meet each other. There is a mascarade party within the Capulet household. This is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first kiss. Everything builds up to this scene. Firstly, the beginning of the scene shows the presentation of the characters wearing masks to cover their faces. Within this scene, when Romeo and Juliet first meet, Shakespeare changes the language, which they both speak to each other. The language used by Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and also very religious, also Romeo speaks first: This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this. The layout of the way Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and is also in the form of a sonnet. This quote shows that Romeo is comparing Juliet to a shrine and pilgrims: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand. This play has a strong religious base, as it shows signs of death and marriage. Religion also conveys purity and key elements within life. Romeo and Juliet both speak in a manner of a sonnet. They both speak a full stanza, and then two lines each, and then a couplet, which they both share. Juliet gains confidence as the conversation goes on. As both Romeo and Juliets responses become much shorter, they also move closer to each other ready to kiss. Within the sonnet, the use of a couplet which Romeo and Juliet both share, suggests that they are meant to be: Juliet: Saints do not move, though grant for prayers sake. Romeo: Then move not while my prayers effect I take. This couplet adds an effect that they are meant to be, love at first sight and are immediately attracted. Fate has dictated that they would die together which allows many moments of dramatic irony due to the audience already knowing that it is written in the prologue. The dramatic effect within this scene is the use of religion. Later on in the scene, dramatic irony is shown again as Juliet speaks to the nurse: My grave is like to be my wedding bed. This is dramatic irony, as the audience already knows from reading the prologue that this will come true, as it is their destiny. Act 2 scene 2 is the second meeting where Romeo and Juliet meet. This is one of the most famous scenes in Romeo and Juliet, and also the most romantic scenes in the history of drama. This is the balcony scene where the destined lovers engage in a very poetic and romantic conversation. The mood and tone of this scene is built up by romantic conversation, firstly, Romeo speaking aloud. Romeo dominates this scene, as he is the one who pursues her. He begins the conversation in the opening of the scene. This whole scene is devoted to Romeo and Juliets interaction. Romeo sees light in the window of the balcony, and uses a metaphor to compare Juliet to the sun: It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Romeo compares Juliet to the sun, as light is essential for everyone to survive, as Juliet is essential for Romeo to live. Light is eternal and it shows security and warmth. It is also very pure. Again, within this scene, religion is used to convey Juliets innocence: As is a winged messenger of heaven. Romeo compares Juliet to an angel, which shows love, purity and innocence. Within this scene, Romeo is very poetic, whereas Juliet is pragmatic: If they do see thee, they will murder thee. This shows that Juliet is aware of the consequences that will befall Romeo if he is caught. Within this scene Juliet is very nervous and feels very insecure: Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say Ay. This quote shows that Juliet feels herself very insecure and questions Romeo about their love. In the scene, Romeo uses a variety of techniques to declare her love: I should adventure for such merchandise. Romeo uses this to persuade Juliet and shows exaggerated devotion towards her. Juliet also changes during the course of the scene. In touch, fair Montague, I am too fond. Juliet uses an epithet- fair Montague which shows that she has had a change in confidence. Juliets perception of Romeo is that he is fair and kind. Romeo gives Juliet his reassurance of their love: Thexchange of thy loves faithful vow for mine. This quote shows that Romeo wants her love. In this scene dramatic irony is introduced again: And the place death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here. This quote shows that Juliets family will come after Romeo if they find him here, Tybalts violent threats earlier in the play increase the tension. Juliet switches the conversation to where they will next meet: I have no joy of this contract tonight. Once Juliet is sure Romeo is in love with her, she needs a sense of future security whereas Romeo continues to be romantic and live for the moment. Act 3 scene 5 is the third and final scene which Romeo and Juliet are presented to the audience alive. Between Act 2 scene 2 to this scene, Shakespeare has added violence to contrast with love. This is so that the audience can anticipate the tragedy as it builds up tension towards the death scene. Within this scene, the mood has changed from previous scenes where Tybalt has been killed, and Capulet insisting on Juliet marrying Paris, the tension has lifted. Juliet opens the scene, which shows that she is more confident now. Juliet is very poetic: It was the nightingale, and not the lark. Juliet is playing with Romeo, teasing him and with the use of romantic imagery she is trying to persuade Romeo to stay with her. Within this scene Romeo and Juliet speak equally, feeling both equally confident. Most of what Juliet is saying is that she wants him to stay longer, due to his banishment: Therefore stay yet, thou needst not to be gone. This quote shows Juliets insecurity, she needs to feel his devotion. Romeo replies to this question: I have more care to stay than will to go. This response is what Juliet wants to hear to feel his devotion and reassurance of their love. Within this scene, due to Juliet feeling confident, she once again becomes pragmatic: It is, it is, hie hence, be gone, away! . There is again also dramatic irony in this scene: More light and light, more dark and dark our woes! This illustrates that there future is very bleak, becoming depressing as the day goes on. Juliet feels her life is Romeo: Then, window, let day in, and let life out. There is another case of dramatic irony when Romeo and Juliet speak: O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? . These words are said in innocence but the audience suspect that this will be the last time they are together alive: From these three scenes we can come to a conclusion that Romeo and Juliets relationship was set to end in tragedy, which was their destiny. There relationship dramatically changed over the course of five days. The three scenes in which Romeo and Juliet interact all lead up to the tragic ending. The intensity of their love propelled them forward to a tragic end. Over the course of their love the audience can observe that Juliet is becoming more confident in her love for Romeo. Their seemingly desperate need for each other blinds them from behaving rationally. Their love shows intensity which shows that they were meant to be, as together as one soul. Fate and destiny has made them fall in love and also takes their lives.

E-Sports :: essays research papers

We live in constant violence. It seems like every year there’s a domestic event highlighted by a bloody rampage by crazed individuals armed with weapons that are meant for such frenzies. The most recent that are still in people’s minds would be the Washington Sniper and the Columbine High School shootings. While it may be true that psychologically troubled individuals planned out and executed both events, later investigations pointed out one hauntingly similar coincidence. The killers practiced on simulated violence that comes with video games (http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Eric+Harris+and+Dylan+Klebold&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1). And because of that, the gaming industry took massive repercussions, with lists such as the one Mothers Against Violence in America created, in which games such as Warcraft 3: The Frozen Throne, Doom 3, Half-Life 2, and Halo are supposed to be avoided by parents at all costs (Lottie). The Interfaith Center on Corporat e Responsibility mentions the same games but takes it a step further stating that â€Å"violent interactive media indicates that it has a strong and more lasting effect on violent behavior†¦in children and adolescents.† (http://www.iccr.org/issues/violence/jointstatement020705.PDF) But is that the truth? Will everyone playing an Entertainment Software Rating Board rated Mature game become a crazed, violent individual who wants to commit mass murders? The mass populace of the United States may say so, but the rest of world seems to disagree (McDonald, 16). Gaming has minimal effects, if not any, on the mental health of its crowd. With legislation pushing for anti-gaming acts, the casual and professional gaming communities are starting to suffer because of a few crazed individuals. Whereas casual gamers will probably complain, American pros will take whatever action they can to slow down the barrage of acts and laws that will hinder their ability to compete at level with f oreign professional gaming teams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ideas that hasn’t taken hold in the United States would be the idea of Electronic Sports or Professional Gaming (commonly known as E-Sports). The rest of the world, namely Europe and Asia, respects and accepts E-Sports, whereas the United States looks down on it. America tries to make attaining competitive games Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike:Source Halo, Warcraft 3 and others difficult for everybody. Europe and Asia on the other hand, have live media coverage at events broadcasted over national television. If a common middle-class mother in America mentions something about games, negative comments would follow suit. If the same case was to happen in Norway, then the responses would be neutral and would wind up with the mothers conversing about their sons/daughters placement in the last major event they were in.

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 18. There Are No Words For This.

18. There Are No Words For This. Bella's body, streaming with red, started to twitch, jerking around in Rosalie's arms like she was being electrocuted. All the while, her face was blank – unconscious. It was the wild thrashing from inside the center of her body that moved her. As she convulsed, sharp snaps and cracks kept time with the spasms. Rosalie and Edward were frozen for the shortest half second, and then they broke. Rosalie whipped Bella's body into her arms, and, shouting so fast it was hard to separate the individual words, she and Edward shot up the staircase to the second floor. I sprinted after them. â€Å"Morphine!† Edward yelled at Rosalie. â€Å"Alice – get Carlisle on the phone!† Rosalie screeched. The room I followed them to looked like an emergency ward set up in the middle of a library. The lights were brilliant and white. Bella was on a table under the glare, skin ghostly in the spotlight. Her body flopped, a fish on the sand. Rosalie pinned Bella down, yanking and ripping her clothes out of the way, while Edward stabbed a syringe into her arm. How many times had I imagined her naked? Now I couldn't look. I was afraid to have these memories in my head. â€Å"What's happening, Edward?† â€Å"He's suffocating!† â€Å"The placenta must have detached!† Somewhere in this, Bella came around. She responded to their words with a shriek that clawed at my eardrums. â€Å"Get him OUT!† she screamed. â€Å"He can't BREATHE! Do it NOW!† I saw the red spots pop out when her scream broke the blood vessels in her eyes. ‘The morphine – ,† Edward growled. â€Å"NO! NOW – !† Another gush of blood choked off what she was shrieking. He held her head up, desperately trying to clear her mouth so that she could breathe again. Alice darted into the room and clipped a little blue earpiece under Rosalie's hair. Then Alice backed away, her gold eyes wide and burning, while Rosalie hissed frantically into the phone. In the bright light, Bella's skin seemed more purple and black than it was white. Deep red was seeping beneath the skin over the huge, shuddering bulge of her stomach. Rosalie's hand came up with a scalpel. â€Å"Let the morphine spread!† Edward shouted at her. â€Å"There's no time,† Rosalie hissed. â€Å"He's dying!† Her hand came down on Bella's stomach, and vivid red spouted out from where she pierced the skin. It was like a bucket being turned over, a faucet twisted to full. Bella jerked, but didn't scream. She was still choking. And then Rosalie lost her focus. I saw the expression on her face shift, saw her lips pull back from her teeth and her black eyes glint with thirst. â€Å"No, Rose!† Edward roared, but his hands were trapped, trying to prop Bella upright so she could breathe. I launched myself at Rosalie, jumping across the table without bothering to phase. As I hit her stone body, knocking her toward the door, I felt the scalpel in her hand stab deep into my left arm. My right palm smashed against her face, locking her jaw and blocking her airways. I used my grip on Rosalie's face to swing her body out so that I could land a solid kick in her gut; it was like kicking concrete. She flew into the door frame, buckling one side of it. The little speaker in her ear crackled into pieces. Then Alice was there, yanking her by the throat to get her into the hall. And I had to give it to Blondie – she didn't put up an ounce of fight. She wanted us to win. She let me trash her like that, to save Bella. Well, to save the thing. I ripped the blade out of my arm. ‘Alice, get her out of here!† Edward shouted. â€Å"Take her to Jasper and keep her there! Jacob, I need you!† I didn't watch Alice finish the job. I wheeled back to the operating table, where Bella was turning blue, her eyes wide and staring. â€Å"CPR?† Edward growled at me, fast and demanding. â€Å"Yes!† I judged his face swiftly, looking for any sign that he was going to react like Rosalie. There was nothing but single-minded ferocity. â€Å"Get her breathing! I've got to get him out before – â€Å" Another shattering crack inside her body, the loudest yet, so loud that we both froze in shock waiting for her answering shriek. Nothing. Her legs, which had been curled up in agony, now went limp, sprawling out in an unnatural way. â€Å"Her spine,† he choked in horror. â€Å"Get it out of her!† I snarled, flinging the scalpel at him. â€Å"She won't feel anything now!† And then I bent over her head. Her mouth looked clear, so I pressed mine to hers and blew a lungful of air into it. I felt her twitching body expand, so there was nothing blocking her throat. Her lips tasted like blood. I could hear her heart, thumping unevenly. Keep it going, I thought fiercely at her, blowing another gust of air into her body. You promised. Keep your heart beating. I heard the soft, wet sound of the scalpel across her stomach. More blood dripping to the floor. The next sound jolted through me, unexpected, terrifying. Like metal being shredded apart. The sound brought back the fight in the clearing so many months ago, the tearing sound of the newborns being ripped apart. I glanced over to see Edward's face pressed against the bulge. Vampire teeth – a surefire way to cut through vampire skin. I shuddered as I blew more air into Bella. She coughed back at me, her eyes blinking, rolling blindly. â€Å"You stay with me now, Bella!† I yelled at her. â€Å"Do you hear me? Stay! You're not leaving me. Keep your heart beating!† Her eyes wheeled, looking for me, or him, but seeing nothing. I stared into them anyway, keeping my gaze locked there. And then her body was suddenly still under my hands, though her breathing picked up roughly and her heart continued to thud. I realized the stillness meant that it was over. The internal beating was over. It must be out of her. It was. Edward whispered, â€Å"Renesmee.† So Bella'd been wrong. It wasn't the boy she'd imagined. No big surprise there. What hadn't she been wrong about? I didn't look away from her red-spotted eyes, but I felt her hands lift weakly. â€Å"Let me†¦,† she croaked in a broken whisper. â€Å"Give her to me.† I guess I should have known that he would always give her what she wanted, no matter how stupid her request might be. But I didn't dream he would listen to her now. So I didn't think to stop him. Something warm touched my arm. That right there should have caught my attention. Nothing felt warm to me. But I couldn't look away from Bella's face. She blinked and then stared, finally seeing something. She moaned out a strange, weak croon. â€Å"Renes†¦ mee. So†¦ beautiful.† And then she gasped – gasped in pain. By the time I looked, it was too late. Edward had snatched the warm, bloody thing out of her limp arms. My eyes flickered across her skin. It was red with blood – the blood that had flowed from her mouth, the blood smeared all over the creature, and fresh blood welling out of a tiny double-crescent bite mark just over her left breast. â€Å"No, Renesmee,† Edward murmured, like he was teaching the monster manners. I didn't look at him or it. I watched only Bella as her eyes rolled back into her head. With a last dull ga-lump, her heart faltered and went silent. She missed maybe half of one beat, and then my hands were on her chest, doing compressions, i counted in my head, trying to keep the rhythm steady. One. Two. Three. Four. Breaking away for a second, I blew another lungful of air into her. I couldn't see anymore. My eyes were wet and blurry. But I was hyperaware of the sounds in the room. Theunwillingglug-glug of her heart under my demanding hands, the pounding of my own heart, and another – a fluttering beat that was too fast, too light. I couldn't place it. I forced more air down Bella's throat. â€Å"What are you waiting for?† I choked out breathlessly, pumping her heart again. One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"Take the baby,† Edward said urgently. ‘Throw it out the window.† One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"Give her to me,† a low voice chimed from the doorway. Edward and I snarled at the same time. One. Two. Three. Four. â€Å"I've got it under control,† Rosalie promised. â€Å"Give me the baby, Edward. Til take care of her until Bella †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I breathed for Bella again while the exchange took place. The fluttering thumpa-thumpa-thumpa faded away with distance. â€Å"Move your hands, Jacob.† I looked up from Bella's white eyes, still pumping her heart for her. Edward had a syringe in his hand – all silver, like it was made from steel. â€Å"What's that?† His stone hand knocked mine out of the way. There was a tiny crunch as his blow broke my little finger. In the same second, he shoved the needle straight into her heart. â€Å"My venom,† he answered as he pushed the plunger down. I heard the jolt in her heart, like he'd shocked her with paddles. â€Å"Keep it moving,† he ordered. His voice was ice, was dead. Fierce and unthinking. Like he was a machine. I ignored the healing ache in my finger and started pumping her heart again. It was harder, as if her blood was congealing there – thicker and slower. While I pushed the now-viscous blood through her arteries, I watched what he was doing. It was like he was kissing her, brushing his lips at her throat, at her wrists, into the crease at the inside of her arm. But I could hear the lush tearing of her skin as his teeth bit through, again and again, forcing venom into her system at as many points as possible. I saw his pale tongue sweep along the bleeding gashes, but before this could make me either sick or angry, I realized what he was doing. Where his tongue washed the venom over her skin, it sealed shut. Holding the poison and the blood inside her body. I blew more air into her mouth, but there was nothing there. Just the lifeless rise of her chest in response. I kept pumping her heart, counting, while he worked manically over her, trying to put her back together. All the king's horses and all the king's men†¦ But there was nothing there, just me, just him. Working over a corpse. Because that's all that was left of the girl we both loved. This broken, bled-out, mangled corpse. We couldn't put Bella together again. I knew it was too late. I knew she was dead. I knew it for sure because the pull was gone. I didn't feel any reason to be here beside her. She wasn't here anymore. So this body had no more draw for me. The senseless need to be near her had vanished. Or maybe moved was the better word. It seemed like I felt the pull from the opposite direction now. From down the stairs, out the door. The longing to get away from here and never, ever come back. â€Å"Go, then,† he snapped, and he hit my hands out of the way again, taking my place this time. Three fingers broken, it felt like. I straightened them numbly, not minding the throb of pain. He pushed her dead heart faster than I had. â€Å"She's not dead,† he growled. â€Å"She's going to be fine.† I wasn't sure he was talking to me anymore. Turning away, leaving him with his dead, I walked slowly to the door. So slowly. I couldn't make my feet move faster. This was it, then. The ocean of pain. The other shore so far away across the boiling water that I couldn't imagine it, much less see it. I felt empty again, now that I'd lost my purpose. Saving Bella had been my fight for so long now. And she wouldn't be saved. She'd willingly sacrificed herself to be torn apart by that monster's young, and so the fight was lost. It was all over. I shuddered at the sound coming from behind me as I plodded down the stairs – the sound of a dead heart being forced to thud. I wanted to somehow pour bleach inside my head and let it fry my brain. To burn away the images left from Bella's final minutes. I'd take the brain damage if I could get rid of that – the screaming, the bleeding, the unbearable crunching and snapping as the newborn monster tore through her from the inside out___ I wanted to sprint away, to take the stairs ten at a time and race out the door, but my feet were heavy as iron and my body was more tired than it had ever been before. I shuffled down the stairs like a crippled old man. I rested at the bottom step, gathering my strength to get out the door. Rosalie was on the clean end of the white sofa, her back to me, cooing and murmuring to the blanket-wrapped thing in her arms. She must have heard me pause, but she ignored me, caught up in her moment of stolen Rjesavate i>itanje brqj 10 odiikiiiio 11 Koje od dole navednih tvrdnji su tacne. 1. Neke od Windows XP aplikacija koriste samo jedan jedini proces u toku svog izvrsavanja 2. Neke od Windows XP aplikacija koriste vise procesa u toku svog izvrsavanja 3. Za svaki proces Windows Task Manager nudi sljedece opcije: Mem Usage, CPU, Image Name, User Name, Password 4. Sve od gore navedenih su tacne 5. Niti jedna od gore navedenih je tacna 6. Ma ovo ni Bill Gates nezna! Ponisti odgovor Idi na pitanje broj: 10 |_^J motherhood. Maybe she would be happy now. Rosalie had what she wanted, and Bella would never come to take the creature from her. I wondered if that's what the poisonous blonde had been hoping for all along. She held something dark in her hands, and there was a greedy sucking sound coming from the tiny murderer she held. The scent of blood in the air. Human blood. Rosalie was feeding it. Of course it would want blood. What else would you feed the kind of monster that would brutally mutilate its own mother? It might as well have been drinking Bella's blood. Maybe it was. My strength came back to me as I listened to the sound of the little executioner feeding. Strength and hate and heat – red heat washing through my head, burning but erasing nothing. The images in my head were fuel, building up the inferno but refusing to be consumed. I felt the tremors rock me from head to toe, and I did not try to stop them. Rosalie was totally absorbed in the creature, paying no attention to me at all. She wouldn't be quick enough to stop me, distracted as she was. Sam had been right. The thing was an aberration – its existence went against nature. A black, soulless demon. Something that had no right to be. Something that had to be destroyed. It seemed like the pull had not been leading to the door after all. I could feel it now, encouraging me, tugging me forward. Pushing me to finish this, to cleanse the world of this abomination. Rosalie would try to kill me when the creature was dead, and I would fight back. I wasn't sure if I would have time to finish her before the others came to help. Maybe, maybe not. I didn't much care either way. I didn't care if the wolves, either set, avenged me or called the Cullens' justice fair. None of that mattered. All I cared about was my own justice. My revenge. The thing that had killed Bella would not live another minute longer. If Bella'd survived, she would have hated me for this. She would have wanted to kill me personally. But I didn't care. She didn't care what she had done to me – letting herself be slaughtered like an animal. Why should I take her feelings into account? And then there was Edward. He must be too busy now – too far gone in his insane denial, trying to reanimate a corpse – to listen to my plans. So I wouldn't get the chance to keep my promise to him, unless – and it was not a wager I'd put money on – I managed to win the fight against Rosalie, Jasper, and Alice, three on one. But even if I did win, I didn't think I had it in me to kill Edward. Because I didn't have enough compassion for that. Why should I let him get away from what he'd done? Wouldn't it be more fair – more satisfying – to let him live with nothing, nothing at all? It made me almost smile, as filled with hate as I was, to imagine it. No Bella. No killer spawn. And also missing as many members of his family as I was able to take down. Of course, he could probably put those back together, since i wouldn't be around to burn them. Unlike Bella, who would never be whole again. I wondered if the creature could be put back together. I doubted it. It was part Bella, too – so it must have inherited some of her vulnerability. I could hear that in the tiny, thrumming beat of its heart. Its heart was beating. Hers wasn't. Only a second had passed as I made these easy decisions. The trembling was getting tighter and faster. I coiled myself, preparing to spring at the blond vampire and rip the murderous thing from her arms with my teeth. Rosalie cooed at the creature again, setting the empty metal bottle-thing aside and lifting the creature into the air to nuzzle her face against its cheek. Perfect. The new position was perfect for my strike. I leaned forward and felt the heat begin to change me while the pull toward the killer grew – it was stronger than I'd ever felt it before, so strong it reminded me of an Alpha's command, like it would crush me if I didn't obey. This time I wanted to obey. The murderer stared past Rosalie's shoulder at me, its gaze more focused than any newborn creature's gaze should be. Warm brown eyes, the color of milk chocolate – the exact same color that Bella's had been. My shaking jerked to a stop; heat flooded through me, stronger than before, but it was a new kind of heat – not a burning. It was a glowing. Everything inside me came undone as I stared at the tiny porcelain face of the half-vampire, half-human baby. All the lines that held me to my life were sliced apart in swift cuts, like clipping the strings to a bunch of balloons. Everything that made me who I was – my love for the dead girl upstairs, my love for my father, my loyalty to my new pack, the love for my other brothers, my hatred for my enemies, my home, my name, my se/f – disconnected from me in that second – snip, snip, snip – and floated up into space. I was not left drifting. A new string held me where I was. Not one string, but a million. Not strings, but steel cables. A million steel cables all tying me to one thing – to the very center of the universe. I could see that now – how the universe swirled around this one point. I'd never seen the symmetry of the universe before, but now it was plain. The gravity of the earth no longer tied me to the place where I stood. It was the baby girl in the blond vampire's arms that held me here now. Renesmee. From upstairs, there was a new sound. The only sound that could touch me in this endless instant. A frantic pounding, a racing beat†¦ A changing heart.

Impact of the Increasing RMB Exchange Rate Changes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2479 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction With the advent of the G20 Summit, the future change of the RMB exchange rate becomes the hot topic. In respect that China is characterized for the great amount of the exporting business which accounts for the large proportions of the Gross Domestic Product, the impact caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will destroy the competency of the Chinese products. But to the petroleum industry in China, the increasing RMB exchange rate might give some positive impact on the Chinese national petroleum companies especially under the condition that the crude petroleum import increases every year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of the Increasing RMB Exchange Rate Changes" essay for you Create order In order to find out the possible impact of the increasing RMB exchange rate on the Chinese national petroleum companies, this essay will firstly discuss the relationship between the operation of the Chinese national companies and the increasing RMB exchange rate. Following that, it will analyze the benefits and risks that might be caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate. Lastly, it will discuss the feasible measures that can be adopted to eliminate the negative impact given by the increasing RMB exchange rate. Since the major Chinese national petroleum companies are CNOOC, CPI and CNPC (Rice, 2010), these companies will be illustration used in the analysis of this essay. Relationship between the operation of the Chinese national petroleum companies and the increasing RMB exchange rate The value china of the petroleum business consists of the segments of petroleum prospecting, petroleum production, petroleum product refining, petroleum product processing, sales and distribution (Petrostrategies, 2010). In respect that China is not rich in the petroleum resource and has the difficulty in exploiting the petroleum, the emphasis of the Chinese oil companiesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ business is focused on the middle and lower reaches of the value chain such as the petroleum product refining and processing, sales and distribution (CNOOC, 2010; SINOPEC, 2010; CNPC, 2010). What is more, the rapid economic development boosts the great demand of the energy and the petroleum products. China has to rely on the increasing crude oil import to satisfy the increasing needs. As the state owned enterprises, most of the crude oil of the CNOOC, SINOPEC and CNPC is imported from the foreign countries such as the petroleum production companies in t he Middle East. Therefore, the changes of the RMB exchange rate certainly influence the manufacturing costs of these national oil companies. If the RMB exchange rate is increased, the Chinese national companies will have the advantage in bringing on the costs expended in the upper reach of the petroleum value chain (Jin, 2010). In addition, even though the proportion of the petroleum prospecting and production is not as large as the other parts, the Chinese national petroleum companies still engage in the research and develop of these two segments of the business. Due to the intensive large capital required in the research and development as well as the introduction and cooperation with the international petroleum, the increasing RMB exchange rate does good to bringing down the cost caused by these activities. In the overall perspectives, similar to the upper reach of the value chain, the activities of the petroleum sales and distribution in the lower chain also benefits from the increase of the RMB exchange rate. In terms of the international competition, after the final processing, the crude oil will be ultimately turned into the different types of chemical products. And some of these chemical products will be exported and sold in the international market. As the part of the overall product cost can be attributed from the cost of the crude oil, the decreasing crude oil cost caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be brought down accordingly (Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2010). Other things being equal, the increasing RMB exchange will result in the increase in the competency of these chemical products within the international market. However, the increasing RMB exchange rate acts like a double-edged sword on this issue. In the long term perspective, the increas ing could increase the manufacturing and labor cost. In the end, the increasing cost would be equal to the cost saved, leading to the absence of the product competency caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate. At the same time, this product competency increased can also help the Chinese national petroleum companies prevent their market shares from losing to the internal petroleum companies within the domestic market. However, as for the petroleum product refining and processing activities of the Chinese oil companies, the increasing RMB exchange rate does not have much influence. This is because that the cost of the petroleum product refining and processing activities is influenced by the internal management capability in a greater extent. Moreover, the refining and processing technique is relatively mature that the Chinese national petroleum companies do not need to seek the international collaboration in this field. As it can be seen, due to the different relation between different parts of the Chinese national petroleum company value chain and the RMB exchange rate, the influence given by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied along of different segments of the petroleum value chain. The benefits caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate In light of the relationship analysis between the operation of Chinese national petroleum companies and the RMB exchange rate, it can be found out that the increasing RMB exchange rate brings more advantages than disadvantages to the competency of the Chinese national petroleum products. Besides, there are some other benefits brought to the development of the Chinese national petroleum. In terms of the corporate strategy realization, the increasing RMB exchange rate gives positive impact on the sustainable development of the Chinese national petroleum companies. Since the petroleum is the scarce but unsustainable resource and the research and development of the related production is at the great cost and time consuming, the increasing RMB exchange rate brings the advantages of bringing down the cost of technology introduction and international collaboration. In terms of the actual petroleum operation, the strategy petroleum reserve is so important in the current days that the Chinese government implement this strategy via the action of the Chinese national petroleum companies. The strong purchasing power of the RMB favors the decrease of the petroleum bought from the foreign countries. Even though there might the belief that the this advantages might be eliminated in the long run, the petroleumÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s attributes of being scarce but unsustainable makes it necessary and significant to reserve the petroleum. Furthermore, the increasing RMB is good for satisfying the great demand of petroleum caused by the rapid development of China, decreasing the chance of economic disturbance caused by lack of adequate petroleum. The risks caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate In respect that the Chinese national petroleum companies also have business operation with the international industrial counterparts and customers, the increasing RMB exchange also brings the risks to the operation of the Chinese national petroleum companies. The major risk brought by the increasing RMB exchange rate lies in the accounting perspective. This accounting risk shows in two aspects. Firstly, some assets of the Chinese national petroleum companies are recorded in the foreign currency due to the convenience of international business operation. Switching the foreign currency to the national currency might cause the book loss in light of the increase of the RMB exchange rate (McKinnon, 2009). Take CNPC for example, CNPC buy the crude oil as its inventory. In year 1995, the exchange rate was 8.31 Yuan for one dollar and the price for each barrel of crude oil was 15 dollars which was equal to 124.65 Yuan on average (China National Petroleum Corporation, 2010). In year 2008, the RMB exchange rate was raised that the official exchange rate become 7.8 Yuan for one dollar and the price for each barrel of crude oil was 60 dollars which was equal to 468 Yuan on average. Ignoring the influence of the crude oil price changes, the increasing RMB exchange rate can make the company lose at least 6.12% if the crude oil was recorded in the value of US dollar. And the increasing crude oil price would enlarge the book loss. This typically demonstrates the exchange risk occurred in the accounting perspective. The size of the risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied in light of the currency used in the book keeping. Secondly, the Chinese national petroleum companies have affiliated agencies established in the international market and these business entities also have their own financial statements. Combining these financial statements into the financial report of the parent company will probably cause the book loss because of the exchange rate changes (Bradley Moles, 2002). Another risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be shown in the economic perspective (Ahmed Omneya, 2007). This is the economic risk, which is the uncertainty lying in the changes of the interest rates, products, labor cost and the market demand. And the changes of the exchange rate are the ultimate cause of inducing these uncertainties. The increasing RMB exchange rate will bring up the price of the Chinese chemical products that are the one of main income sources relied by Chinese national petroleum companies. The increasing price will weaken the productÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s competency, which results in the decreasing demand towards the Chinese chemical products. What is more, the lower demand of the lower downstream product might lead to the lower demand of the upstream material that is the crude oil (Commodities, 2010). The last risk caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate will show in the perspective of the transaction exposure (Sohnke Gordon, 2007). This is because that the Chinese national petroleum companies engage in many investment and financial activities all over the world. The contracts of these activities are signed without paying attention to the exchange rate changes over the contract term. In addition, these situations also occur in the international as to the oil and gas and the international engineering service collaboration. The variation of the exchange rate happening after signing the contracts or before finishing the account settlement might let these companies suffered from lose increasing or income decreasing. What is more, the Chinese national petroleum companies also engage in the business of foreign exchange trading which is aimed at decreasing its potential loss caused by the changes of the exchange rate. The uncertainties lied in the foreign exchange trading might bring the risk exposure caused by holding the foreign currency. In the recent years, the emphasis paid to the financial system and related regulation by the Chinese national petroleum companies such as CNPC and SINOPEC proves the fact that the risk exposure of foreign exchange trading can have huge impact on the financial performance of these companies (Chen, 2010). The measures adopted to handle the risks caused by the changes of the increasing RMB exchange rate In order to avoid the negative impact given by the risks caused by the increasing RMB exchange rate, there are two types of measures should be taken. One is taken in advance while the other is taken afterwards the issues. In terms of the measures taken in advance, these measures mainly focus on adopting the measures to prevent the risks caused by the exchange rate when the company is signing the contracts. These measures are taken according to the willingness of the business entities. To be specially, the Chinese national petroleum companies should conduct analysis on the exchange rate. The Chinese national petroleum companies should adopt the flexibility of pricing about their products and service in light of the exchange rate by making good use of the information system. In making the tender, these companies should take the changes of the exchange rate into consideration. Furthermore, the company should choose the currency of denomination in a proper manner. These companies should choose the currency that has stable exchange rate or the trend of appreciation in recording the income while they should choose the currency that has the trend of depreciation in recording the expense. Besides, these compa nies should stick to the principle of carrying out the financing and spending by using the same type of currency so as to prevent themselves from the exchange rate risk. In addition, in collaborating with the international counterparts in terms of the petroleum or gas exploitation and engineering technology service, these companies should try their best to match the foreign exchange claims and debts in terms of currency type, size and time. Adjusting the types of currency used in debt obligation, bringing forward or defer the time period of repaying the debts are the major means to realize the match mentioned above. Lastly but not the least, these companies should learn to share the exchange rate risks with cooperation partners. In terms of the measures taken afterwards, these measures refer to the practices to be taken only if the utilization of contracts fails in eliminating the influence caused by the exchange rate. First of all, making good use of the foreign trade financing tools helps the Chinese national petroleum companies to avoid the exchange rate risk. Besides, using these financing tools does good to improving the turnover rate of the corporate working capital and shorten the period of exchange settlement. Moreover, the Chinese national petroleum companies should use the derivatives such as futures and swaps to limit the changes of exchange rate within the acceptable scope so as to determine the income and cost in the future. This practice is widely used in CNOOC and help the company avoid the unnecessary book loss (Credit Suisse, 2010). There are several aspects that need special attention particularly the proportion of the hedge. The utilization of derivatives requires the mangers have strong u nderstanding on these complicated financing tools. Otherwise, the risks of using these tools will be greatly excel the benefits brought by them. Hence, for realizing the purpose of reducing the risks caused by changes of the exchange rate, it is advisable for the Chinese national petroleum companies to use the simple financing tools such as ordinary option and forward. Conclusion By reviewing the possible impact of the increasing RMB exchange rate on the Chinese national petroleum companies, it can be found out that the influence given by the increasing RMB exchange rate will be varied along of different segments of the petroleum value chain. The increasing RMB exchange rate will bring the benefits that consist of short-term advantages in obtaining resources and long-term sustainable development to the Chinese national petroleum companies. However, this also brings the risks to the companies, which are shown the aspects of accounting, economics and transaction. In order to reduce the influence caused by these risks, two types of measures can be adopted. The measures to be taken in advance consist of proper analysis on exchange rate change, choosing suitable currency in exchange settlement, match between the foreign claim and obligation, sharing the exchange rate risk. The measures to be taken afterwards emphasize the importance of using suitable financing too ls to engage in risk hedging.